tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-149639902024-03-14T21:04:44.110-07:00The Imaginary Journal of Poetic EconomicsHeather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comBlogger849125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-20584982841443420702023-12-04T10:11:00.000-08:002023-12-04T10:11:56.051-08:00Consultation on Copyright in the Age of Artificial General Intelligence: my response<p>This is my response to Industry Canada's <a href="https://ised-isde.survey-sondage.ca/f/s.aspx?s=a9fe1f22-76dd-44b4-97f9-2318115d14be" target="_blank">Consultation on Copyright in the Age of Artificial General Intelligence.</a> The deadline for responses has been extended to Jan. 15, 2024. <br /></p><p><b>Technical Evidence</b></p><p>Question*:
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How do businesses and consumers use AI systems
and AI-assisted and AI-generated content in your area of knowledge, work, or
organization?</span> </p><p> My response:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">In libraries, machine
learning AI in the form of recommender systems ranking results by relevance (like
Netflix) is in widespread use. Generative AI is in earlier stages of
exploration and/or implementation in libraries and information management as a
means of further automating and enriching information resource description and
classification. On the other hand, the tendency of popular AI tools such as
ChatGPT to invent content is raising concerns about spread of mis- and
disinformation, complicating the work of ensuring that the public has access to
high quality, accurate information. In academia, AI is in early stages of use
for the purposes of accelerating research. AI raises both interest and concern
with respect to pedagogy. Noteworthy examples of emerging types of applications
include language learning supports for students, brainstorming, and automated
translation, noting that results to date are best considered as early drafts. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b>Text and Data Mining</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Questions: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">If the Government
were to amend the Act to clarify the scope of permissible TDM activities, what
should be its scope and safeguards? What would be the expected impact of such
an exception on your industry and activities? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Should there be any
obligations on AI developers to keep records of or disclose what copyright-protected
content was used in the training of AI systems? </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">My response:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">TDM for <i>discovery
purposes</i> should be legal across all kinds of materials (e.g. to find songs,
films, novels, and stories of interest, not for AGI training). To facilitate the
advances AI is making possible in scientific and non-commercial research, TDM
for training AGI should be legal for these purposes (follow UK / Switzerland
example). One recommended change in copyright law to facilitate AI advances in
Canada is to eliminate Section 41 <i>Technological Protection Measures and
Rights Management Information</i> from the Copyright Act. This section prohibits
circumvention even for purposes that are legal under the Act while it is
unnecessary for purposes that are illegal under the Act. AI developers should
be required to track and disclose materials used for training purposes. Legislation
to this effect at this time would encourage development of efficient automated
processes at an early stage in AI development. </span></p>
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{page:WordSection1;}</style></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b>Authorship and
ownership of works created by AI</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b> </b></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Questions:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b> </b> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Is the uncertainty
surrounding authorship or ownership of AI-assisted and AI-generated works and
other subject matter impacting the development and adoption of AI technologies?
If so, how? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Should the Government
propose any clarification or modification of the copyright ownership and
authorship regimes in light of AI-assisted or AI-generated works? If so, how? </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">My response:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Rapid growth of
AI-generated content demonstrates that concerns about authorship and ownership
are not a significant impediment. A Google search for “Amazon ChatGPT
self-publishing” retrieves over 21 million results, with how-to books and
publishing services at the top of the list. ChatGPT can produce a story “in the
style of” a human author such as Margaret Atwood in seconds. This rapid growth raises
two types of concerns 1) for human creators whose works and identity can easily
be used with AI training to create new works to compete with the original
creator and 2) for increasing production and distribution of mis/disinformation
when a tool like ChatGPT (described by AI experts as having a tendency to “hallucinate”)
is used to create nonfiction works without the oversight of human experts. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b>Comments and suggestions</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">My response: <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Achieving the potential
benefits of AI requires TDM exemptions for scientific and non-commercial research
following the UK / Switzerland example and elimination of Section 41 of the Copyright
Act <i>Technological Protection Measures and Rights Management Information. </i>Most
potential benefits of AI do not involve the use of others’ copyrighted material
– for example, companies and individuals using AI to automate or build on their
own work. Encouraging AI users to make use of the copyrighted work of human
creators raises two concerns, 1) the possibility of training AI using the work
and identity of a human creator to capitalize on their identity and compete
with them in the marketplace, and 2) the possibility of increasing creation of
mis/dis-information in the case of non-fiction works. Concern about AI identity
misuse is broader than traditional copyrighted works, for example use of images
of individuals in pornographic works without their knowledge or consent. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">* The consultation includes more questions - I am only including the questions here that I chose to respond to. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></p>
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{page:WordSection1;}</style></p>Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-45244071845608386192023-10-27T15:17:00.000-07:002023-10-27T15:17:41.949-07:00AI and copyright: submission to the U.S. Copyright Office Artificial Intelligence Study<p>This comment was submitted Oct. 26, 2023 to the U.S. Copyright Office's <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/policy/artificial-intelligence/" target="_blank">Artificial Intelligence Study </a><br /></p><p> Copyright laws internationally do not provide human creators with sufficient moral and related rights (identity and publicity) in the context of artificial intelligence. Significant work is needed at the national and international levels to meet what I would argue is a minimal ethical standard, and this should not be rushed. In the meantime, the remedy that I recommend is to limit copyright on works produced with substantial AI involvement to AI works trained on material in the public domain. For example, AI artists are creating new works based on freely available images from the Mars rover; such works do not raise the ethical questions that are the focus of this submission. To illustrate the problem when works are based on contemporary human creators, note that current AI tools such as Stable Diffusion (images) and ChatGPT allow anyone to create new works "in the style of" a particular creator, and it is clear that this is occuring without any attempt to obtain permission from the creator. With ChatGPT, anyone can quickly verify this by asking ChatGPT to write a story "in the style of" any well-known author. The works of Canadian artists that were not publicly available have been found in a service using Stable Diffusion, along with a tool to create new works "in the style of" these artists. If this is done with the intent of publishing the results, I argue that this is an example of identity theft or fraud, particularly (but not exclusively) if the downstream creation is published with the name of the original creator with commercial benefit to the downstream creator. There are potential reputational and economic harms to original creators. I argue that the potential harms to living human creators far outweigh any benefit from permitting AI to use their works and identity until legal protections can be put into place. As context for this comment, I would like to note that I am excited about the potential of AI to achieve more rapid advances in science, medicine, and everyday productivity in our workplaces and homes. I am an Associate Professor at the University of Ottawa's School of Information Studies, submitting as an individual, and long-time advocate for open access to scholarly publications, a topic on which I have contributed to prior U.S. government publications. Thank you for the opportunity to participate in this consultation. <br /></p>Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-87988756213286472522023-10-26T11:46:00.000-07:002023-10-26T11:46:24.674-07:00In the style of...AI, identity & reality<p><b>In brief </b><br /></p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is <i>already</i> being used not only to draw from prior works to create new works, but also to create new works "in the style of" an existing creator. This should be raising questions about the rights of living creators as well as whether we want to live in a world where we can distinguish what is and is not real. These are urgent questions, from my perspective, in the context of the need to regulate AI with respect to creative works. While there are many reasons to rush to implement AI to help solve real-world problems (like developing vaccines to cope with new viruses, other medical and scientific advances, and using AI to increase productivity), I argue that there is no compelling reason to continue to permit people to use AI to usurp the identity of living creators, and plenty of reason to stop this practice. Even when works are out of copyright, there are potential dangers as well as benefits from allowing a proliferation of copies that are variations of original important works - and this practice may be counter to other current trends such as acknowledging traditional knowledge and countering the practice of cultural appropriation. <br /></p><p> <b>Details </b><br /></p><p>In La Presse, Péloquin (2022) reports finding a number of works by Canadian and Québec authors in the AI tool Stable Diffusion, works that were not publicly available, posted there without the knowledge of the authors. Users of Stable Diffusion can create new works "in the style of" living artists. Artists interviewed by Pélonquin expressed concern about the quality of these works (part of author moral rights in copyright) in addition to concern about the works being used for commercial sales. <br /></p><p>As of today (Oct. 26, 2023) ChatGPT takes about a minute to write a short story in response to this prompt: "Please write a short story in the style of Margaret Atwood" (or Stephen King). Readers, I encourage you to try this experiment for yourself - but ignore and delete the results, as I have. <br /></p><p>From my perspective, these examples of current practice raise questions with profound implications for society:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Should human creators be able to claim exclusive rights to their identity and style? This goes beyond author moral rights as covered in existing copyright laws, and is a type of moral right with economic implications. I argue that we urgently need to protect human creators of all kinds in the race to create and implement AI regulation. </li><li>Is this "feature" of AI likely to contribute to a postmodern dystopia where it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish what is real from from what is not, accurate information from misinformation? One example of such a postmodern theory is the hyper-reality of simulacra (copies without originals) described by Baudrillard (1995). Is this necessarily desirable even for works that are not under copyright? With the aid of AI, it is not hard to imagine the world being so
inundated with the latest works "in the style of Plato" it becomes
harder to locate and verify the authenticity of the original. Is unleashing this aspect of AI compatible with contemporary trends to address traditional knowledge, including cultural expressions, and resistance against cultural appropriation? I don't have the answers, but I think these questions merit serious, thoughtful consideration and is reason to limit the "creativity" of AI in this respect. </li></ol><p>As an author, I do not wish to allow anyone to use AI to create works "in the style of Heather Morrison (or IJPE), particularly not for sharing for commercial or non-commercial reasons. IJPE is open access, free for anyone to read and share as is for noncommercial purposes, but otherwise All Rights Reserved. <br /></p><p>Side note: apparently ChatGPT does have some limits (perhaps due to pressure from copyright owners?). In response to the prompt, "Please write a prequel to Margaret Atwood's A Handmaids' Tale", the ChatGPT response is "I'm sorry, but I can't provide verbatim excerpts from copyrighted texts
or create derivative works based on copyrighted materials. However, I
can offer you a brief summary or discussion of potential themes and
ideas for a prequel to Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale." Let me
know how you'd like to proceed". </p><p><b>References</b><br /></p><p>Baudrillard, J. (1995). Simulacra and simulation. University of Michigan Press.<br /></p><div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 2; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;">
<div class="csl-entry">Pélonquin, T. (2022, October 10). L’art de copier sans payer. <i>La Presse</i>. <a href="https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/2022-10-10/intelligence-artificielle/l-art-de-copier-sans-payer.php#">https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/2022-10-10/intelligence-artificielle/l-art-de-copier-sans-payer.php#</a></div><div class="csl-entry"><b> Comments? </b>Please send via e-mail to my work e-mail address which can be found <a href="https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706" target="_blank">here</a>, and let me know if you would like your comment posted on this blog. <br /></div>
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.title=L'art%20de%20copier%20sans%20payer&rft.source=La%20Presse&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapresse.ca%2Factualites%2F2022-10-10%2Fintelligence-artificielle%2Fl-art-de-copier-sans-payer.php%23&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9lonquin&rft.au=Tristan%20P%C3%A9lonquin&rft.date=2022-10-10"></span>
</div><p></p><p><br /></p>Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-5558495055514620762023-10-26T11:00:00.001-07:002023-10-26T11:00:25.273-07:00Housekeeping: change in focus from OA to AI<p>Since its inception, the focus of <i>The Imaginary Journal of Poetic Economics</i> (IJPE) has been on open access while my original intention was always the broader topic of poetic economics (radical rethinking of how we can make use of the resources available to us to create a better world). As you may have noticed, my most recent IJPE post on OA is dated 2020. For a more complete set of my research on OA over the past decade, see <i><a href="https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/" target="_blank">Sustaining the Knowledge Commons</a></i> (completed in 2022). As of October 2023, the focus of IJPE, reflecting my current research, is shifting towards information policy and in particular policy-related aspects of artificial intelligence (AI). <br /></p>Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-27221833225650000612020-10-01T12:42:00.001-07:002020-10-01T12:43:59.960-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access September 30, 2020<p>While many aspects of our lives and activities have slowed down during the COVID pandemic, this has not been the case with open access! The OA initiatives tracked through this series continue to show strong growth on an annual and quarterly basis. Important milestones are being reached, and others will be coming soon. <br /></p><p><b>Highlights</b><br /></p><p>The <a href="https://www.doaj.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals</a> now lists over 15,000 fully open access, peer reviewed journals, having added 379 journals (> 4 per day) in the past quarter, and now provides searching for over 5 million articles at the article level. </p><p> A <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" target="_blank">PubMed</a> search for "cancer" limited to literature from the past 5 years now links to full-text for over 50% of the articles. <br /></p><p>The <a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</a> now cross-searches over 8,000 repositories and will soon surpass the milestone of <b>a quarter billion documents</b>. </p><p>Anyone worried about running out of cultural materials during the pandemic will be relieved to note that the<a href="https://archive.org/" target="_blank"> Internet Archive</a> has exceeded a milestone of 6 million movies in addition to over 27 million texts (plus audio, concerts, TV, collections, webpages, and software).<br /></p><p>Analysis of quarterly and annual growth for 39 indicators from 10 services reflecting open access publishing and archiving (Internet Archive, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Directory of Open Access Books, bioRxiv, PubMedCentral, PubMed, SCOAP3, Directory of Open Access Journals, RePEC and arXiv) demonstrates ongoing robust growth beyond the baseline growth of scholarly journals and articles of 3 - 3.5 per year. Growth rates for these indicators ranged from 4% - 100% (doubling). 26 indicators had a growth rate of over 10%, 15 had a growth rate of over 20%, and 6 had a growth rate of over 40%. The full list can be found in <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Op3k-ZaYxLDP877rQySUH2JSsW9jDHVWRK9L4aODPHY/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">this table</a>.</p><p>Thank you to everyone in the open access movement for continuing the hard work that makes this growth possible.</p><p>The open data edition is available here: <span class="citation-select"> </span></p><p><span class="citation-select">Morrison, Heather, 2020, "Dramatic Growth of Open Access Sept. 30, 2020", <a href="https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/AVBOW6" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/AVBOW6</a>, Scholars Portal Dataverse, V2 </span></p><p><span class="citation-select">This post is part of the <a href="https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access Series</a>. </span></p><p><span class="citation-select">Cite as: Morrison, H. (2020). Dramatic Growth of Open Access September 30, 2020. <i>The Imaginary Journal of Poetic Economics</i> https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2020/10/dramatic-growth-of-open-access.html<br /></span></p><br />Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-78241454563615293332020-01-03T13:31:00.001-08:002020-01-03T13:35:06.880-08:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access 2019<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhafHepnQN9bao_PQNfmgptukS6OQJM4jUfwqjSQZnbL_JW4oFMPv2yT30kKDZewHOf5gVFXNqNHpiX9HbGbbOqEOBhM4wUHAywfwZm0cLIgh3rjqyEepoqU0Yr-8bdL1p2SGGWA/s1600/BASE.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="449" data-original-width="750" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhafHepnQN9bao_PQNfmgptukS6OQJM4jUfwqjSQZnbL_JW4oFMPv2yT30kKDZewHOf5gVFXNqNHpiX9HbGbbOqEOBhM4wUHAywfwZm0cLIgh3rjqyEepoqU0Yr-8bdL1p2SGGWA/s320/BASE.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiThVbBaxlwEiAQWIVegU4OmyNTWxMLlKdIFQ5KJjLjpwpJwBUDj7oFiDVzexDvxRtxRIQBrouAfs16DPyY6zFCJ8UeiiuoBNFHgyygJRd-oD_9TIDVnkNDGioLqkemm2JuzI-GsA/s1600/OpenDOAR.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="449" data-original-width="750" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiThVbBaxlwEiAQWIVegU4OmyNTWxMLlKdIFQ5KJjLjpwpJwBUDj7oFiDVzexDvxRtxRIQBrouAfs16DPyY6zFCJ8UeiiuoBNFHgyygJRd-oD_9TIDVnkNDGioLqkemm2JuzI-GsA/s320/OpenDOAR.png" width="320" /></a></div>
2019 was another great year for open access! Of the 57 macro-level global OA indicators included in The Dramatic Growth of Open Access, 50 (88%) have growth rates that are higher than the long-term trend of background growth of scholarly journals and articles of 3 - 3.5% (Price, 1963; Mabe & Amin, 2001). More than half had growth rates of 10% or more, approximately triple the background growth rate, and 13 (nearly a quarter) had growth rates of over 20%.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAz3fhgs4yhwegzdVBA8sl5HWxurc_pl31Y-H0HXwUHBB-McqiM_VLiUtOcqe7hZyGA0m1Nneb1o4YUBwqzJJsa8iOkUEfguJHQI4oWN-t8kX-x4HfSEpZuOEeu8dYH5nPzqDdpg/s1600/DOAJ+articles.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="449" data-original-width="881" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAz3fhgs4yhwegzdVBA8sl5HWxurc_pl31Y-H0HXwUHBB-McqiM_VLiUtOcqe7hZyGA0m1Nneb1o4YUBwqzJJsa8iOkUEfguJHQI4oWN-t8kX-x4HfSEpZuOEeu8dYH5nPzqDdpg/s320/DOAJ+articles.png" width="320" /></a>Newer services have an advantage when growth rates are measured by percentage, and this is reflected in the over 20% 2019 growth category. The number of books in the Directory of Open Access Books tops the growth chart by nearly doubling (98% growth); bioRxiv follows with 74% growth. A few services showed remarkable growth on top of already substantial numbers. As usual, Internet Archive stands out with a 68% increase in audio recordings, a 58% increase in <br />
collections, and a 48% increase in software. The number of articles searchable through DOAJ grew by over 900,000 in 2019 (25% growth). OpenDOAR is taking off in Asia, the Americas, Africa, and overall, with more than 20% growth in each of these categories, and SCOAP3 also grew by more than 20%.<br />
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The only area indicating some cause for concern is PubMedCentral. Although overall growth of free full-text from PubMed is robust. A keyword search for "cancer" yields about 7% - 10% more free full-text than a year ago. However, there was a slight decrease in the number of journals contributing to PMC with "all articles open access", a drop of 138 journals or a 9% decrease. I have double-checked and the 2018 and 2019 PMC journal lists have been posted in the dataverse in case anyone else would like to check (method: sort the "deposit status" column and delete all Predecessor and No New Content journals, then sort the "Open Access" column and count the number of journals that say "All". The number of journals submitting NIH portfolio articles only grew by only 1. Could this be backtracking on the part of publishers or perhaps technical work underway at NIH?<br />
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Full data is available in excel and csv format from: <span style="background-color: #ecf6fb; color: #333333; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Morrison, Heather, 2020, "Dramatic Growth of Open Access Dec. 31, 2019", </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/CHLOKU" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ecf6fb; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/CHLOKU</a><span style="background-color: #ecf6fb; color: #333333; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, Scholars Portal Dataverse, V1</span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: #ecf6fb; color: #333333; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">References </span></b><span style="background-color: #ecf6fb; color: #333333; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"></span><br />
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<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 2; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;">
Price, D. J. de S. (1963). <i>Little science, big science</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little%20science%2C%20big%20science&rft.place=New%20York&rft.publisher=Columbia%20University%20Press&rft.aufirst=Derek%20J.%20de%20Solla&rft.aulast=Price&rft.au=Derek%20J.%20de%20Solla%20Price&rft.date=1963"></span>
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<div class="csl-entry">
Mabe, M., & Amin, M. (2001). Growth dynamics of scholarly and scientific journals. <i>Scientometrics</i>,<i> 51</i>(1), 147–162.</div>
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This post is part of the <a href="https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access Series</a>. It will be cross-posted to<a href="https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/" target="_blank"> Sustaining the Knowledge Commons</a>.<br />
Cite as: Morrison, H. (2019). Dramatic Growth of Open Access 2019. <i>The Imaginary Journal of Poetic Economics</i> https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2020/01/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-2019.html</div>
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Growth%20dynamics%20of%20scholarly%20and%20scientific%20journals&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Mabe&rft.au=Michael%20Mabe&rft.au=Mayur%20Amin&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=147-162&rft.spage=147&rft.epage=162"></span>
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Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-16519589598699200402019-10-01T14:47:00.002-07:002019-10-01T14:47:42.089-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access October 1, 2019 dataset available<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The October 1, 2019 dataset for the Dramatic Growth of Open Access is now available at: <span style="background-color: #ecf6fb; color: #333333;">Morrison, Heather, 2019, "Dramatic Growth of Open Access October 1, 2019", </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/EZQ1OK" style="background-color: #ecf6fb; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/EZQ1OK</a><span style="background-color: #ecf6fb; color: #333333;">, Scholars Portal Dataverse, V1</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #ecf6fb;">The dataset is in excel format and is easy to manipulate to create custom growth charts or to calculate growth rates for particular services. For example, the number of texts (books) in the Internet Archive as of October 1, 2019 is 21,521,063, up from 21,070,269 on June 30. </span></span>That's a growth rate of over 450,000 free books in just one quarter! If you divide this amount by 92 (the number of days in one quarter), that's a growth rate of 4,900 books per day (or close to 5,000 books per day).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If anyone is using this data in a creative way and would like to share with others, please let me know in the comments or via e-mail. </span><br />
Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-69570000580446795102018-12-31T14:52:00.000-08:002019-04-08T10:10:30.063-07:002018: best year yet for net growth of open accessThe March 31, 2019 full data is available for download <a href="https://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.5683/SP2/34SN5W" target="_blank">here</a>. <br />
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Highlights: this edition of the Dramatic Growth of Open Access features charts that illustrate that 2018 showed the <b>strongest growth to date for open access</b> by number of documents searchable through BASE, PubMedCentral, arXiv, DOAJ, texts added to Internet Archive, and journals added to DOAJ.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiT3pE6in5T3eNnB3unNjFQ_S33d0T6eKkMMF6_f9FWFS-FYMIPtg5l0nwtGHQvNgm0JBWye0iwrji7FivNxxR8ZsiDJLeJ1EQD2f8nzjwPoz4F7cv0XvPdxNHYx4Dm30BZ0ARiw/s1600/BASEgrowdocuments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="359" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiT3pE6in5T3eNnB3unNjFQ_S33d0T6eKkMMF6_f9FWFS-FYMIPtg5l0nwtGHQvNgm0JBWye0iwrji7FivNxxR8ZsiDJLeJ1EQD2f8nzjwPoz4F7cv0XvPdxNHYx4Dm30BZ0ARiw/s400/BASEgrowdocuments.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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A <a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</a> (BASE) search encompasses over 19 million more items at the end of 2018 - about 60% or 11.4 million are open access. This brings the total documents searchable through BASE to close to 140 million (about 84 million open access)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBQql1sLKkGSDwMPa9Go71kC5UXpAH7zLDfejtjcJPLZL9P2x4Q4LveN1mbHF1OFfrmkXZcqt8dY4m4N9a_yuo5cS8NtXnKHzQJmCpC1-rySNTurqxbi0SjqKDNYWK-LP3mDijHg/s1600/PMCgrowitems.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="359" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBQql1sLKkGSDwMPa9Go71kC5UXpAH7zLDfejtjcJPLZL9P2x4Q4LveN1mbHF1OFfrmkXZcqt8dY4m4N9a_yuo5cS8NtXnKHzQJmCpC1-rySNTurqxbi0SjqKDNYWK-LP3mDijHg/s400/PMCgrowitems.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" target="_blank">PubMedCentral</a> added 600,000 items in 2018, and surpassed a milestone of 5 millions items this year (now 5.2 million items)<br />
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<a href="https://arxiv.org/" target="_blank">arXiv</a> added 140,000 items in 2018, bringing the total close to 1.5 million items. <br />
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The <a href="https://doaj.org/" target="_blank">DOAJ </a>article search grew by more than 800,000 articles in 2018, bringing the total number of articles searchable through DOAJ to about 3.6 million. <br />
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2018 was also the best year to date for <a href="https://doaj.org/" target="_blank">DOAJ</a> net journal growth. 1,707 journals were added for a current total of over 12,000 journals. Negative growth in 2016 illustrates the impact of the DOAJ weeding / re-application process.<br />
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4.5 million more texts are available through <a href="https://archive.org/" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a>, bringing the total close to 20 million.<br />
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The following table provides data on total number of items as of December 31, 2018, growth in 2018 by number and percentage, in descending order by growth in percent. In interpreting percentage growth, consider total and numeric growth. bioRxiv nearly doubled in size this year, indicating a fairly new but healthy and rapidly growing service; but this reflects growth of about 20 thousand documents, a small fraction of the 600,000 items added by PMC for a 13% growth rate. <br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 490px;">
<colgroup><col style="width: 65pt;" width="87"></col>
<col style="mso-width-alt: 7338; mso-width-source: userset; width: 172pt;" width="229"></col>
<col span="2" style="width: 65pt;" width="87"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td class="xl66" height="37" style="height: 28.0pt; width: 65pt;" width="87">2018
growth (percent)</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; width: 172pt;" width="229"></td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; width: 65pt;" width="87">2018 total</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; width: 65pt;" width="87">2018 growth
(number)</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">110%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">bioRxiv
# articles<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">39,570</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">20,748</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">74%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archives software</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">346,320</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">147,320</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">39%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">SCOAP3
# article</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">25,163</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">7,121</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">30%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archive texts</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">19,570,789</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,570,789</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">30%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">DOAJ
searchable articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,624,154</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">832,453</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">29%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archive audio (recordings)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,909,271</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,109,271</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">28%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">DOAB
# books</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">13,253</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,938</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">25%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archive collections</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">389,778</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">76,778</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">24%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archive videos (movies)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,701,129</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">901,129</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">21%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">DOAJ
journals searchable at article level</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">9,479</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,670</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">16%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PubMed
keyword search: cancer- last year - free fulltext</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">65,766</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">9,154</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">16%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">DOAJ
# journals</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">12,434</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,707</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">16%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">BASE
# documents</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">139,476,029</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">19,092,606</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">16%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archives television</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,733,000</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">233,000</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">15%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">DOAB
# publishers</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">285</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">38</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">14%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PMC
journals some articles OA</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">758</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">94</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">13%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PMC
# items</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">5,200,000</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">600,000</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">13%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">RePEC
books</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">39,086</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,449</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">12%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">RePEc
journal articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,785,335</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">193,994</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">12%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PubMed
keyword search: cancer- last 2 years - free fulltext</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">153,875</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">16,026</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">11%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">BASE
# content providers</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">6,732</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">694</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">11%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archive webpages (in billions)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">345</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">35</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">11%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">RePEC
online (fulltext) (downloadable as of March 2012)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,528,831</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">249,692</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">11%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PubMed
keyword search: cancer- last 5 years - free fulltext</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">391,691</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">37,230</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">10%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">arXiv<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://arxiv.org/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,482,864</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">140,139</td>
</tr>
<tr height="56" style="height: 42.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="56" style="border-top: none; height: 42.0pt;">10%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">OpenDOAR
http://www.opendoar.org/ # repositories</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,799</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">335</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">9%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">RePEC
chapters</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">51,278</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,360</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">9%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PMC
journals selected articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,908</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">414</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">8%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">RePEc
working papers</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">858,360</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">64,235</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">8%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Total
Policies (ROARMAP)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">960</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">71</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">8%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PubMed
keyword search: cancer - free fulltext</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,027,541</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">75,655</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">7%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PMC
journals immediate free acccess</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,964</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">132</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">7%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">DOAJ
# countries</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">129</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">8</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">7%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PubMed
keyword search: cancer - last year - all results</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">184,024</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">11,341</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">6%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PMC
journals deposit all articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,217</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">124</td>
</tr>
<tr height="75" style="height: 56.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="75" style="border-top: none; height: 56.0pt;">6%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliotek - Electronic Journals Library<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span># journals that can be read free of charge</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">62,681</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,441</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">5%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PubMed
keyword search: cancer - last 5 years - all results</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">839,960</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">43,565</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">5%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PMC
journals actively participating</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,578</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">132</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">5%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PubMed
keyword search: cancer - all results</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,784,638</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">192,126</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">5%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PubMed
keyword search: cancer - last 2 years - all results</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">357,370</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">17,970</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">4%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">RePEc
software components</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,206</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">178</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">4%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archive live music (concerts)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">192,534</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">7,534</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PMC
journals all articles OA</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,529</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">51</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">ROAR
# repositories</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,735</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">138</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">PMC
journals NIH portfolio</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">335</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">6</td>
</tr>
<tr height="19" style="height: 14.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl68" height="19" style="border-top: none; height: 14.0pt;">-12%</td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 172pt;" width="229">Internet
Archive images</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,247,253</td>
<td align="right" class="xl69" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">-452,747</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
Full data can be downloaded from the Dramatic Growth of Open Access dataverse: <span id="citation-select"><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10864/10660" target="_blank">https://hdl.handle.net/10864/10660</a>. This post is part of the <a href="https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/search/label/dramatic%20growth%20of%20open%20access" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access</a> series. From 2004 - June 30, 2018 the series was posted on a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2018, I continue to gather data quarterly but plan to release the series less frequently, most likely on an annual basis.</span>Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-87983172560995425892018-12-10T11:29:00.000-08:002018-12-10T13:28:54.350-08:00Canada's Statutory Review of the Copyright Act, 2018: my individual submission
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Update December 10: the original was over the 2,000 word count. Following is the final version under 2,000 words, followed by the original in case anyone is interested in what was cut. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">House of Commons</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Individual Submission to: Statutory Review of
the Copyright Act</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">December 10, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dr. Heather Morrison</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Associate Professor</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">School of Information Studies, University of
Ottawa</span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706">https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This is an individual submission drawing on my
background as Principal Investigator of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sustaining
the Knowledge Commons</i> (SKC), a research program funded through a SSHRC
Insight Grant. The goal of SKC is to develop evidence to support the economic
transition of scholarly publishing from demand to supply side to support the
potential unprecedented public good of a global knowledge commons, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a collective sharing of the knowledge of
humankind, free for anyone to access and free for all who are qualified to
contribute to. I also draw from my broader interest in and value of the arts
and culture, and my expertise in the area of development of information policy
to support such values. This submission strongly supports the expansion of fair
dealing exceptions to copyright that were introduced in the 2012 Copyright
Modernization Act. I present evidence to support the retention of sections 29,
29.1, and 29.2 in their present form. In brief, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broad fair dealing exceptions for education (section 29) are</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inherently generally fair</b> because the
majority of works consumed are produced and/or supported by people in the educational
sector who do the work for the public good rather than private gain. In the
university context, academic researchers and students create the vast majority
of works consumed and, with some exceptions, do not expect or receive economic
benefit from their copyrightable works. There is a strong and growing trend for
academic researchers to make work freely available to everyone as a public
good. Provincial education systems develop curriculum, approve and sometimes
commission textbooks. Schools and school boards pay for textbooks and the
majority of other resources used by students. I acknowledge that there are
creators whose work is important to Canada (local authors, artists, musicians
and publishers) who do not benefit from K-12 or post-secondary budgets. For
this sector, I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recommend development of
a plan to provide direct support for Canadian creators</b> working outside of
the formal educational systems (K-12, universities) to replace the current
copyright collectives and to develop new models of creative collaboration <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to take advantage of recent technological
developments to develop new, more effective approaches to support for
creativity in Canada</b>. I make this recommendation on the grounds that direct
subsidies to creators would be more cost-effective than the current system that
is in effect an indirect subsidy. Currently, we very limited support to creators
in an indirect and non-transparent way as follows: federal transfers to
provinces for education; provincial transfers to universities, colleges, and
school boards (supplemented by student tuition in the post-secondary sector);
purchase of resources and payment of additional fees or licenses for additional
copying to copyright collectives; disbursement of $ from copyright collectives (subtracting
administrative costs) to a variety of types of copyright owners, ranging from
global for-profit corporations to individual creators. I argue that we should
investigate whether it would be less costly and more effective for Canada’s
creative community to simply give $ directly to creators through generous
subsidies. For clickable links see <a href="https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2018/12/canadas-statutory-review-of-copyright.html">https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2018/12/canadas-statutory-review-of-copyright.html</a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
creative contributions of Canada’s educational sector</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(Why
broad fair dealing exceptions for education (section 29) are inherently
generally fair)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This section will focus on universities, my
area of expertise. As noted in the Universities Canada (2018) submission to the
Copyright Act Review, there are more than 75,000 faculty members and university
teachers in Canada’s university system, making this the largest group of
Canadian authors. This data understates the creative contributions of
universities as it does not take into account the work of students. Most
graduate students and other early career researchers are required to publish
and many are prolific researchers and authors. For example, graduate students
today are typically required to publish their theses (monograph-length works)
online through their institutional repository as open access, that is, free to
read. For example, from 2010 – 2018, University of Ottawa students posted more
than 10,000 theses in the University of Ottawa’s institutional repository: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/242">https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/242</a></span>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Students as well as faculty publish articles
in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, and scholarly monographs. Students
are taking advantage of the ease of publishing on the internet to develop their
own open access peer-reviewed scholarly journals. Two examples: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stream: Inspiring Critical Thought</i>,
currently in its tenth year of production: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://journals.sfu.ca/stream/index.php/stream">http://journals.sfu.ca/stream/index.php/stream</a></span>.
And the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">University of Ottawa Journal of
Medicine | Journal Médicale de l’Université d’Ottawa</i> http://www.uojm.ca/</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the classroom, many professors like myself
are taking advantage of current technologies to develop pedagogical approaches
based on active rather than passive learning. In a passive approach, students
absorb information provided in textbooks and lectures. In active learning,
students are doing hands-on work including conducting and publishing research. Examples
from my classes: students create an open access journal in which they
peer-review and publish their term papers and create and publish professional
open access blog posts. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As a faculty member and author, my experience
is fairly typical. The cost of doing my research is paid for by my salary as a
university professor and my research grant funds. Both are heavily subsidized
by the Canadian taxpayer, and student tuition fees today accounts for about
half of university budgets. As an author, I receive and expect no remuneration
when I publish peer-reviewed journal articles or book chapters. As a peer reviewer,
I receive and expect no remuneration. I did receive modest royalties from sales
of a scholarly monograph, however from a financial point of view I (and many
other authors of scholarly monographs), I would be much farther ahead had I
devoted the time required to write the book to a minimum wage job. In
retrospect, I wish that I had published this material as an open access book or
wiki as the publisher is no longer actively marketing the book. By transferring
copyright to the publisher, I made my work less accessible and far more
difficult to update. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I seek to make all of my academic writing open
access (free to read for everyone), a steadily growing trend in academia
globally. As of December 2018, there are over 12,000 fully open access,
peer-reviewed scholarly journals listed in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Directory of Open Acces</i>s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journals
</i><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://doaj.org/">https://doaj.org/</a></span>
According to industry research (Ware and Mabe, 2015) there are about 34,550
peer-reviewed journals published worldwide; the percentage of these that are fully
open access is about a third. Many more journals provide free access to back
issues after an embargo period. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Directory of Open Access Repositories, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">OpenDOAR</i>, lists over 3,800 repositories
worldwide <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/view/repository_by_country/countries=5Fby=5Fregion.html">http://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/view/repository_by_country/countries=5Fby=5Fregion.html</a></span>
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.base-search.net/about/en/">https://www.base-search.net/about/en/</a></span>
provides a cross-search service of repositories and journals and lists over 120
million documents from over 6,000 sources, of which about 60% are open access,
about 72 million documents. This free access to academic works, supported by
academic authors, universities, and research funders is a reflection of the
fact that academic research is not inspired by, and does not require, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">economic</i> benefits of copyright. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moral</i> rights of copyright (attribution
and integrity of the work) are important to academic authors. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The traditional scholarly publishing industry
is in the process of transitioning from demand side economics (purchase of
books and journal subscriptions) to production-based funding. Today, the
largest open access journal publishers by number of fully open access journals
are all traditional commercial scholarly publishers (Morrison, 2018). As of the
end of November 2018, Elsevier has 347 fully open access journals and offers an
open access publishing choice for 2,040 other titles, almost all of their
journals (Elsevier, 2018). As of December 7, 2018, the Directory of Open Access
Books <a href="https://www.doabooks.org/">https://www.doabooks.org/</a> lists
285 publishers; 3 of the 4 publisher sponsors listed on their website are
traditional commercial scholarly publishers (Brill, Springer Nature, and DeGruyter).
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is a related growing trend towards open
access to educational materials, in order to lower costs for post-secondary
students and school boards and permit for updating and local modification of
materials. Some resources for further information: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e-campus
Ontario <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.ecampusontario.ca/">https://www.ecampusontario.ca/</a></span>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BCcampus
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://bccampus.ca/">https://bccampus.ca/</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Open
School BC https://www.openschool.bc.ca/k12/</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In addition to transitioning traditional
formats developed before the internet (e.g. journals and books), faculty and
students are beginning to explore the potential of the digital medium and the
internet. My most important publications today are published primarily in
non-traditional formats. Since 2004, I have maintained a scholarly blog called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Imaginary Journal of Poetic Economics</i>
http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/where I post, for example, contributions
like this to government consultations. In 2014, I developed a research blog for
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sustaining the Knowledge Commons</i> <a href="https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/">https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/</a>
(SKC) project. The SKC blog provides a venue for myself and my student research
assistants to publish early findings. This is excellent training for students
as it gives them a means and incentive to develop and publish small
sub-research projects. Data gathered through the SKC project is published as
open data in the OA APC dataverse: <a href="https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/open-access-article-processing-charges-apcs/">https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/open-access-article-processing-charges-apcs/</a>
These new formats require access to technology and hosting services, but there
is no longer any need for a publishing intermediary as was the case when
academic work relied on the print medium and postal system.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Transition
support for creation </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As a prolific academic author, I never have
been and never will be represented by Access Copyright. The work of Access
Copyright is antithetical to the purposes of my work (to serve the public good).
I recommend the abolition of Access Copyright and redirection of funding by
universities and school boards to directly support open access in academia and
the K-12 sector (e.g. funding for open access monographs, journals, and
textbooks). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This will not meet all of the needs of
Canada’s creative communities. In my opinion, Canada’s artistic creators
(authors, artists, musicians, independent publishers and intermediaries who
work closely with and for the artistic community) deserve our respect and
support, and are not well served by our outmoded approach to copyright
collectives. I argue the continuing existence of these collectives is
counter-productive as it entrenches outmoded approaches and business models
when creators would be better served by developing new types of collectives to
take advantage of new technologies to create new relationships with society and
consumers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For example, imagine a collective of Canadian
musicians working together to develop packages of music for use in places like
coffeeshops and restaurants (perhaps based on genre) that is integrated with
the business’ wifi so that customers can:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">instantly
purchase and download a piece of music they enjoy</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">connect with the website of the
musician(s) </span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">find out about upcoming live gigs</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">purchase merchandise</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">suggest
musicians / music to include </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I argue that this approach would be far more
effective in creating a healthy and productive relationship between our artists
and society than the current impersonal, non-transparent approach involving
requiring payment of tariffs that positions copyright collectives as
impersonal, non-transparent enforcers of rights. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To accomplish this vision, I recommend
financial support for artists in the transition phase as well as targeted
funding to develop mechanisms for transition such as research and education on
the use of new technologies to support more productive artist / society
relationships. As I explain in the introduction to this submission, direct
support would likely be more cost-effective than the current system of indirect,
non-transparent subsidies. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">References</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Elsevier (2018). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pricing</i>. Retrieved November 27, 2018 from <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/pricing">https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/pricing</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Morrison, H. (2018). Global OA APCs 2010 –
2017: major trends. Connecting the knowledge commons: from projects to
sustainable infrastructure. Elpub 2018: the 22<sup>nd</sup> international
conference on electronic publishing. Toronto June 22 – 24, 2018. Retrieved
December 7, 2018 from <a href="https://elpub.episciences.org/4604">https://elpub.episciences.org/4604</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Universities
Canada (2018). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The changing landscape of
Canadian copyright and universities: Universities Canada’s submission to the
Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology’s statutory review of
Canada’s <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Copyright Act </span>/ <b>June
2018 </b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ware,
M. & Mabe, M. (2015). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The STM report:
an overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing</i>. The
International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers.
Retrieved Dec. 4, 2018 from https://www.stm-assoc.org/2015_02_20_STM_Report_2015.pdf</span><br />
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<br />
<b>Following is the original version that I was not able to submit as it was over the 2,000 word count.</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">House of Commons</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-size: 11.0pt;">Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Individual Submission to: <a href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/Committees/en/INDU/StudyActivity?studyActivityId=9897131" target="_blank">Statutory Review ofthe Copyright Act</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">December 10, 2018</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dr. Heather Morrison</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Associate Professor</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">School of Information Studies, University of
Ottawa</span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706">https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This is an individual submission drawing on my
background as Principal Investigator of <a href="http://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sustainingthe Knowledge Commons</i></a> (SKC), a research program funded through a SSHRC
Insight Grant. The goal of SKC is to develop evidence to support the economic
transition of scholarly publishing from demand to supply side to support the
potential unprecedented public good of a global knowledge commons, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a collective sharing of the knowledge of
humankind, free for anyone to access and free for all who are qualified to
contribute to. I also draw from my broader interest in and value of the arts
and culture, and my expertise in the area of development of information policy
to support such values. This submission strongly supports the expansion of fair
dealing exceptions to copyright that were introduced in the 2012 Copyright
Modernization Act. I present evidence to support the retention of sections 29,
29.1, and 29.2 in their present form. In brief, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">broad fair dealing exceptions for education (section 29) are</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inherently generally fair</b> because the
majority of works consumed are produced and/or supported by people in the educational
sector who do the work for the public good rather than private gain. In the
university context, academic researchers and students create the vast majority
of works consumed and, with some exceptions, do not expect or receive economic
benefit from their copyrightable works. There is a strong and growing trend for
academic researchers to make work freely available to everyone as a public
good. Provincial education systems develop curriculum, approve and sometimes
commission textbooks. Schools and school boards pay for textbooks and the
majority of other resources used by students. I acknowledge that there are
creators whose work is important to Canada (local authors, artists, musicians
and publishers) who do not benefit from K-12 or post-secondary budgets. For
this sector, I <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recommend development of
a plan to provide direct support for Canadian creators</b> working outside of
the formal educational systems (K-12, universities) to replace the current
copyright collectives and to develop new models of creative collaboration <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to take advantage of recent technological
developments to develop new, more effective approaches to support for
creativity in Canada</b>. I make this recommendation on the grounds that direct
subsidies to creators would be more cost-effective than the current system that
is in effect an indirect subsidy. Currently, we very limited support to creators
in an indirect and non-transparent way as follows: federal transfers to
provinces for education; provincial transfers to universities, colleges, and
school boards (supplemented by student tuition in the post-secondary sector);
purchase of resources and payment of additional fees or licenses for additional
copying to copyright collectives; disbursement of $ from copyright collectives (subtracting
administrative costs) to a variety of types of copyright owners, ranging from
global for-profit corporations to individual creators. I argue that we should
investigate whether it would be less costly and more effective for Canada’s
creative community to simply give $ directly to creators through generous
subsidies.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> For clickable links see <a href="https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2018/12/canadas-statutory-review-of-copyright.html">https://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2018/12/canadas-statutory-review-of-copyright.html</a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
creative contributions of Canada’s educational sector</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(Why
broad fair dealing exceptions for education (section 29) are inherently
generally fair)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This section will focus on universities, my
area of expertise. As noted in the Universities Canada (2018) submission to the
Copyright Act Review, there are more than 75,000 faculty members and university
teachers in Canada’s university system, making this the largest group of
Canadian authors. This data understates the creative contributions of
universities as it does not take into account the work of students. Most
graduate students and other early career researchers are required to publish
and many are prolific researchers and authors. For example, graduate students
today are typically required to publish their theses (monograph-length works)
online through their institutional repository as open access, that is, free to
read. For example, from 2010 – 2018, University of Ottawa students posted more
than 10,000 theses in the University of Ottawa’s institutional repository: <span class="MsoHyperlink">https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/242</span>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Students as well as faculty publish articles
in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, and scholarly monographs. Students
are taking advantage of the ease of publishing on the internet to develop their
own open access peer-reviewed scholarly journals. A few years ago while
pursuing my doctoral studies I had the pleasure of participating as an editor,
reviewer, and journal manager of the student created and led peer-reviewed open
access journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stream: Inspiring Critical
Thought</i>, currently in its tenth year of production: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://journals.sfu.ca/stream/index.php/stream">http://journals.sfu.ca/stream/index.php/stream</a></span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similarly, medical students at the University
of Ottawa have created and run a student-led open access journal, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">University of Ottawa Journal of Medicine |
Journal Médicale de l’Université d’Ottawa</i> http://www.uojm.ca/</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the classroom, many professors like myself
are taking advantage of current technologies to develop pedagogical approaches
based on active rather than passive learning. In a passive approach, students
absorb information provided in textbooks and lectures. In active learning,
students are doing hands-on work including conducting and publishing research. Following
are just a few examples from my classes (master’s level, information studies): a
publishing class created an open access journal in which they peer-reviewed and
published their term papers; students in an introductory class create and
publish their own professional blog and posts, in which they publish
independent research; and this fall students collaboratively conducted and
wrote a literature review and analysis of current issues on a particular topic
in the field. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As a faculty member and author, my experience
is fairly typical. The cost of doing my research is paid for by my salary as a
university professor and my research grant funds. Both are heavily subsidized
by the Canadian taxpayer, and student tuition fees today accounts for about
half of university budgets. As an author, I receive and expect no remuneration
when I publish peer-reviewed journal articles or book chapters. As a peer reviewer,
I receive and expect no remuneration. I did receive modest royalties from sales
of a scholarly monograph, however from a financial point of view I (and many
other authors of scholarly monographs), I would be much farther ahead had I
devoted the time required to write the book to a minimum wage job. In
retrospect, I wish that I had published this material as an open access book or
wiki as the publisher is no longer actively marketing the book. By transferring
copyright to the publisher, I made my work less accessible and far more
difficult to update. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I seek to make all of my academic writing open
access (free to read for everyone), a steadily growing trend in academia
globally. As of December 2018, there are over 12,000 fully open access,
peer-reviewed scholarly journals listed in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Directory of Open Acces</i>s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journals
</i><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://doaj.org/">https://doaj.org/</a></span>
According to industry research (Ware and Mabe, 2015) there are about 34,550
peer-reviewed journals published worldwide; the percentage of these that are fully
open access is about a third. Many more journals provide free access to back
issues after an embargo period. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Directory of Open Access Repositories, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">OpenDOAR</i>, lists over 3,800 repositories
worldwide <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/view/repository_by_country/countries=5Fby=5Fregion.html">http://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/view/repository_by_country/countries=5Fby=5Fregion.html</a></span>
The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.base-search.net/about/en/">https://www.base-search.net/about/en/</a></span>
provides a cross-search service of repositories and journals and lists over 120
million documents from over 6,000 sources, of which about 60% are open access,
about 72 million documents. This free access to academic works, supported by
academic authors, universities, and research funders is a reflection of the
fact that academic research is not inspired by, and does not require, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">economic</i> benefits of copyright. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">moral</i> rights of copyright (attribution
and integrity of the work) are important to academic authors. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The traditional scholarly publishing industry
is in the process of transitioning from demand side economics (purchase of
books and journal subscriptions) to production-based funding. As recently as
2014, very few of the large traditional commercial scholarly publishers were
reflected in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The largest,
Elsevier, had 8 titles listed in DOAJ. Today, the largest open access journal publishers
by number of fully open access journals are all traditional commercial
scholarly publishers. The largest is Springer Nature (including subsidiary
BioMedCentral), and second largest is Elsevier (Morrison, 2018). As of the end
of November 2018, Elsevier has 347 fully open access journals and offers an
open access publishing choice for 2,040 other titles, almost all of their
journals (Elsevier, 2018). As of December 7, 2018, the Directory of Open Access
Books <a href="https://www.doabooks.org/">https://www.doabooks.org/</a> lists
285 publishers; 3 of the 4 publisher sponsors listed on their website are
traditional commercial scholarly publishers (Brill, Springer Nature, and DeGruyter).
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is a related growing trend towards open
access to educational materials. For example, provincial K-12 and
post-secondary education is in a process of transitioning from support for
textbooks through curriculum development, assessment, and purchase, to funding
production for textbooks so that they can be open access, reducing the costs of
education for post-secondary students and school boards in K-12. In addition to
lowering costs, open access educational resources are typically open for
transformation. This makes it possible for educators to update sources such as
textbooks, link to additional resources, or customize to meet local needs. For
example, a good basic textbook developed in the U.S. could be modified to
reflect the Canadian context and include local examples, or the reverse for a
textbook developed in Canada. Some resources for further information: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e-campus
Ontario <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.ecampusontario.ca/">https://www.ecampusontario.ca/</a></span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BCcampus
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://bccampus.ca/">https://bccampus.ca/</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Open
School BC https://www.openschool.bc.ca/k12/</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In addition to transitioning traditional
formats developed before the internet (e.g. journals and books), faculty and
students are beginning to explore the potential of the digital medium and the
internet. My most important publications today are published primarily in
non-traditional formats. Since 2004, I have maintained a scholarly blog called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Imaginary Journal of Poetic Economics</i>
http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/where I post, for example, contributions
like this to government consultations. In 2014, I developed a research blog for
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sustaining the Knowledge Commons</i> <a href="https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/">https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/</a>
(SKC) project. The SKC blog provides a venue for myself and my student research
assistants to publish early findings. This is excellent training for students
as it gives them a means and incentive to develop and publish small
sub-research projects. Data gathered through the SKC project is published as
open data in the OA APC dataverse: <a href="https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/open-access-article-processing-charges-apcs/">https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/open-access-article-processing-charges-apcs/</a>
These new formats require access to technology and hosting services, but there
is no longer any need for a publishing intermediary as was the case when
academic work relied on the print medium and postal system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To summarize this section: the fair dealing
exception for education (29) is inherent generally fair because the educational
sector is a net creator. Academic faculty are the largest single group of
creators of copyrightable works. The creation of copyrightable works by
post-secondary students is substantial if not fully known, and the trend is
towards more creation of copyrightable works by students. The post-secondary
and K-12 sectors are moving towards production-based support of educational
resources such as textbooks to provide for free access to enhance the affordability
of the educational system. Creation in the educational sector is done primarily
for the public good, and the economic benefits of copyright are generally unnecessary,
as illustrated by the growing trend towards open access, that is, access to
anyone that is free of charge, and the constrictions on readership associated
with copyright protection for economic reasons is counter-productive to the
creation and sharing of knowledge. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fair
dealing exceptions for research by academics (29.1) and news reporters (29.2)</span></b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">are necessary</b> so that individuals
and organizations cannot use copyright in a way other than originally intended,
e.g. to suppress criticism or to deny what they have said in the past. For
example, my research involves studying the pricing and business models of
scholarly publishers based largely on information posted on their websites. This
material constitutes the evidence on which my research is based, and I need to
be able to publish excerpts of this material to substantiate my claims. Publishers
do not always appreciate this research, for example when I document price
increases far beyond inflation. Overly strong copyright without this balance
would make it possible for publishers to weaken criticism by suppressing
evidence. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Transition
support for creation </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As a prolific academic author, I never have
been and never will be represented by Access Copyright. The work of Access
Copyright is antithetical to the purposes of my work (to serve the public good).
I recommend the abolition of Access Copyright and redirection of funding by
universities and school boards to directly support open access in academia and
the K-12 sector (e.g. funding for open access monographs, journals, and
textbooks). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This will not meet all of the needs of
Canada’s creative communities. In my opinion, Canada’s artistic creators
(authors, artists, musicians, independent publishers and intermediaries who
work closely with and for the artistic community) deserve our respect and
support, and are not well served by our outmoded approach to copyright
collectives. I argue the continuing existence of these collectives is
counter-productive as it entrenches outmoded approaches and business models
when creators would be better served by developing new types of collectives to
take advantage of new technologies to create new relationships with society and
consumers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For example, imagine a collective of Canadian
musicians working together to develop packages of music for use in places like
coffeeshops and restaurants (perhaps based on genre) that is integrated with
the business’ wifi so that customers can:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">instantly
purchase and download a piece of music they enjoy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">connect with the website of the
musician(s) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">find out about upcoming live gigs</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">purchase merchandise</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">suggest
musicians / music to include </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I argue that this approach would be far more
effective in creating a healthy and productive relationship between our artists
and society than the current impersonal, non-transparent approach involving
requiring payment of tariffs that positions copyright collectives as
impersonal, non-transparent enforcers of rights. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To accomplish this vision, I recommend
financial support for artists in the transition phase as well as targeted
funding to develop mechanisms for transition such as research and education on
the use of new technologies to support more productive artist / society
relationships. As I explain in the introduction to this submission, direct
support would likely be more cost-effective than the current system of indirect,
non-transparent subsidies. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Elsevier (2018). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pricing</i>. Retrieved November 27, 2018 from <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/pricing">https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/pricing</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Morrison, H. (2018). Global OA APCs 2010 –
2017: major trends. Connecting the knowledge commons: from projects to
sustainable infrastructure. Elpub 2018: the 22<sup>nd</sup> international
conference on electronic publishing. Toronto June 22 – 24, 2018. Retrieved
December 7, 2018 from <a href="https://elpub.episciences.org/4604">https://elpub.episciences.org/4604</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Universities
Canada (2018). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The changing landscape of
Canadian copyright and universities: Universities Canada’s submission to the
Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology’s statutory review of
Canada’s <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Copyright Act </span>/ June
2018 </i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ware,
M. & Mabe, M. (2015). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The STM report:
an overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing</i>. The
International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers.
Retrieved Dec. 4, 2018 from https://www.stm-assoc.org/2015_02_20_STM_Report_2015.pdf</span><br />
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-->Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-10362598038306112972018-07-12T12:06:00.003-07:002018-07-12T12:06:49.490-07:00The trouble with scientific faith, in this case, in AI<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: wf_segoe-ui_normal, "Segoe UI", "Segoe WP", Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">This post was originally posted to the Global Open Access List (GOAL) on July 12, 2018 with the following title: <i>Why translating all scholarly knowledge for non-specialists using AI is complicated</i>. <a href="http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pipermail/goal/2018-July/004896.html">http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pipermail/goal/2018-July/004896.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: wf_segoe-ui_normal, "Segoe UI", "Segoe WP", Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">To view the full conversation, go to the GOAL archives for July 2018. </span> </div>
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On July 10 Jason Priem wrote about the AI-powered systems "that help explain and contextualize articles, providing concept maps, automated plain-language translations"... that are part of his project's plan to develop a scholarly search engine aimed at a nonspecialist audience. The full post is available here:</div>
<a class="x_OWAAutoLink" data-auth="NotApplicable" href="http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pipermail/goal/2018-July/004890.html" id="LPlnk727462" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pipermail/goal/2018-July/004890.html</a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
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We share the goal of making all of the world's knowledge available to everyone without restriction, and I agree that reducing the conceptual barrier for the reader is a laudable goal. However, I think it is important to avoid underestimating the size of this challenge and potential for serious problems to arise. Two factors to consider: the current state of AI, and the conceptual challenges of assessing the validity of automated plain-language translations of scholarly works.</div>
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Current state of AI - a few recent examples of the current status of AI:</div>
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Vincent, J. (2016). Twitter taught Microsoft's AI chatbot to be a racist asshole in less than a day. The verge. </div>
<a class="x_OWAAutoLink" data-auth="NotApplicable" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/24/11297050/tay-microsoft-chatbot-racist" id="LPlnk282328" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/24/11297050/tay-microsoft-chatbot-racist</a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif, serif, EmojiFont; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
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Wong, J. (2018). Amazon working to fix Alexa after users report bursts of 'creepy' laughter. The Guardian <a class="x_OWAAutoLink" data-auth="NotApplicable" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/07/amazon-alexa-random-creepy-laughter-company-fixing" id="LPlnk256198" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/07/amazon-alexa-random-creepy-laughter-company-fixing</a><br /><br />Meyer, M. (2018). Google should have thought about Duplex's ethical issues before showing it off. Fortune <a class="x_OWAAutoLink" data-auth="NotApplicable" href="http://fortune.com/2018/05/11/google-duplex-virtual-assistant-ethical-issues-ai-machine-learning/" id="LPlnk142462" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://fortune.com/2018/05/11/google-duplex-virtual-assistant-ethical-issues-ai-machine-learning/</a></div>
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Quote from Meyer: <div>
As prominent sociologist Zeynep Tufekci<span> </span><a class="x_OWAAutoLink" data-auth="NotApplicable" href="https://twitter.com/zeynep/status/994233568359575552" id="LPlnk515529" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">put it</a>: “Google Assistant making calls pretending to be human not only without disclosing that it’s a bot, but adding ‘ummm’ and ‘aaah’ to deceive the human on the other end with the room cheering it… horrifying. Silicon Valley is ethically lost, rudderless and has not learned a thing.”</div>
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These early instances of AI applications involve the automation of relatively simple, repetitive tasks. According to Amazon, "<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Echo and other Alexa devices let you instantly connect to Alexa to play music, control your smart home, get information, news, weather, and more using just your voice". This is voice to text translation software that lets users speak to their computers instead of using keystrokes. Google's Duplex demonstration is a robot dialing a restaurant to make a dinner reservation. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Translating scholarly knowledge into simple plain text so that everyone can understand it is a lot more complicated, with the degree of complexity depending on the area of research. Some research in education or public policy might be relatively easy to translate. In other areas, articles are written for an expert audience that is assumed to have spent decades acquiring a basic knowledge in a discipline. It is not clear to me that it is even possible to explain advanced concepts to a non-specialist audience without first developing a conceptual progression. </span></div>
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Assessing the accuracy and appropriateness of a plain-text translation of a scholarly work intended for a non-specialist audience requires expert understanding of the work and thoughtful understanding of the potential for misunderstandings that could arise. For example, I have never studied physics. If I looked at an automated plain-language translation of a physics text I would have no means of assessing whether the translation was accurate or not. I do understand enough medical terminology, scientific and medical research methods to read medical articles and would have some idea if a plain-text translation was accurate. However, I have never worked as a health care practitioner or health care translation researcher, so would not be qualified to assess the work from the perspective of whether the translation could be mis-read by patients (or some patients).</div>
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In summary, Jason and I share the goal of making all of our scholarly knowledge accessible to everyone, specialists and non-specialists alike. However, in the process of developing tools to accomplish this it is important to understand the size and nature of the challenge and the potential for serious unforeseen consequences. <span style="font-size: 12pt;">AI is in very early stages. Machines are beginning to learn on their own, but what they are learning is not necessarily what we expected or wanted them to learn, and the impact on humans has been described using words like 'creepy', 'horrifying', and 'unethical'. T</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">he task of translating complex scholarly knowledge for a non-specialist knowledge and assessing the validity and appropriateness of the translations is a huge challenge. If this is not understood and plans made to conduct rigorous research on the validity of such translations, the result could be widespread dissemination of incorrect translations. </span></div>
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best,</div>
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Heather Morrison</div>
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Associate Professor, School of Information Studies, University of Ottawa</div>
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Professeur Agrégé, École des Sciences de l'Information, Université d'Ottawa</div>
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Heather.Morrison@uottawa.ca</div>
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Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-28504574265857922762018-07-05T09:17:00.000-07:002018-07-06T05:47:50.589-07:00Ceased and transferred publications and archiving: best practices and room for improvementIn the process of gathering APC data this spring, I noticed some good and some problematic practices with respect to journals that have ceased or transferred publisher.<br />
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There is no reason to be concerned about OA journals that do not last forever. Some scholarly journals publish continuously for an extended period of time, decades or even centuries. Others publish for a while and then stop. This is normal. A journal that is published largely due to the work of one or two editors may cease to publish when the editor(s) retire. Research fields evolve; not every specialized journal is needed as a publication venue in perpetuity. Journals transfer from one publisher to another for a variety of reasons. Now that there are over 11,000 fully open access journals (as listed in <a href="https://www.doaj.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">DOAJ</a>), and some open access journals and publishers have been publishing for years or even decades, it is not surprising that some open access journals have ceased to publish new material.<br />
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The purpose of this post is to highlight some good practices when journals cease, some situations to avoid, and room for improvement in current practice. In brief, my advice is that when you cease to publish a journal, it is a good practice to continue to list the journal on your website, continue to provide access to content (archived on your website or another such as CLOCKSS, a LOCKKS network, or other archiving services such as national libraries that may be available to you), and link the reader interested in the journal to where the content can be found.<br />
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This is an area where even the best practices to date leave some room for improvement. CLOCKSS archiving is a great example of state-of-the-art but CLOCKSS' statements and practice indicate some common misunderstandings about copyright and Creative Commons licenses. In brief, author copyright and CC licenses and journal-level CC licensing are not compatible. Third parties such as CLOCKSS should not add CC licenses as these are waivers of copyright. CC licenses may be useful tools for archives, however archiving requires archives; the licenses on their own are not sufficient for this purpose.<br />
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I have presented some solutions and suggestions to move forward below, and peer review and further suggestions are welcome.<br />
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<b>Details and examples</b><br />
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<a href="https://www.dovepress.com/browse_journals.php" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Dove Medical Press</a> is a model of good practice in this respect. For example, if you click on the title link for Dove's Clinical Oncology in Adolescents and Young Adults a pop-up springs up with the following information:<br />
<blockquote>
"Clinical Oncology in Adolescents and Young Adults ceased publishing in January 2017. All new submissions can be made to <a href="https://www.dovepress.com/adolescent-health-medicine-and-therapeutics-archive89" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics">Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics</a>. All articles that have been published in Clinical Oncology in Adolescents and Young Adults will continue to be available on the Dove Press site, and will be securely archived with CLOCKSS".</blockquote>
Because the content is still available via Dove's website, the journal is not included on the <a href="https://www.clockss.org/clockss/Triggered_Content" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CLOCKSS' list of triggered content</a>. This is because CLOCKKS releases archived content when it is no longer available from the publisher's own website.<br />
<br />
<b>CLOCKSS Creative Commons licensing statement and practice critique</b><br />
<br />
One critique for CLOCKSS: - from the home page: "CLOCKSS is for the entire world's benefit. Content no longer available from any publisher (<a href="https://www.clockss.org/clockss/FAQ#How_does_the_CLOCKSS_board_define_a_trigger_event.3F" title="FAQ">"triggered content"</a>) is available for free. CLOCKSS uniquely assigns this abandoned and orphaned content a Creative Commons license to ensure it remains available forever".<br />
<br />
This reflects some common misperceptions with respect to Creative Commons licenses. As stated on the Creative Commons "<a href="https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">share <b>your</b> work</a>" website: [<b>your</b> emphasis added] "Use Creative Commons tools to help share <b>your</b> work. Our free, easy-to-use copyright licenses provide <a href="https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/">a simple, standardized way to give <b>you</b> permission to share and use <b>your creative work</b></a>— on conditions of <b>your choice</b>".<br />
<br />
The CLOCKSS statement "CLOCKSS uniquely assigns this abandoned and orphaned content a Creative Commons license to ensure it remains available forever" is problematic for two reasons.<br />
1. This does not actually reflect CLOCKSS' practice. The Creative Commons statements associated with triggered content indicate publisher rather than CLOCKSS' CC licenses. For example, the license statement for the Journal of Pharmacy Teaching on the CLOCKSS website states: "The <i>JournalPharmacyTeaching</i> content is copyright Taylor and Francis and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License".<br />
<br />
2. This would be even more problematic if it did reflect CLOCKSS' practice. This is because CLOCKSS is not an author or publisher of the scholarly journals and articles included in CLOCKSS. Creative Commons provides a means for copyright owners to indicate willingness to share their work. When a third party such as CLOCKSS uses CC licenses, they are explicitly or implicitly claiming copyright it order to waive their rights under copyright. This reflects an expansion rather than limitation of copyright that may lead to the opposite of what is intended. For example, if one third party is a copyright owner that wishes to claim copyright in order to grant broad-based downstream rights, another third party could use the copyright claim to support their right to claim copyright in order to lock down others' works. A third party that is a copyright owner providing free access today could use this copyright claim in future as a rationale for toll access. This could come into play if in future toll access seems more desirable from a business perspective.<br />
<br />
The CLOCKSS practice of publisher-level copyright (see 1. above) is problematic because Creative Commons first release of CC licenses was in <a href="https://creativecommons.org/about/history/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">December 2002</a>. Scholarly journal publishing predates 2002 (the first scholarly journals were published in 1665), and not every journal uses CC licenses even today. Retroactive journal-level CC licensing would require re-licensing of every article that was published prior to the journal's first use of CC licensing.<br />
<br />
For example, the copyright statements of volume 1 dated 1990 on the PDFs of the CLOCKSS-triggered <i>Journal of Pharmacy Teaching</i> read: "Journal of Pharmacy Teaching, Vol. l(1)1990 (C) 1990 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved". This suggests that all authors in this journal at this point in time assigned full copyright to The Haworth Press, although actual practice was probably more complex. For example, if any authors were working for the U.S. federal government at the time, their work would have been public domain by U.S. government policy. Any portions of third party works included would likely have had separate copyright. Even assuming the simplest scenario, all authors had and transferred all rights under copyright to Haworth Press, the authors would retain moral rights, hence it would be necessary to contact all of the authors to obtain their permission to re-license the works under Creative Commons licenses.<br />
<br />
The idea of journal-level CC licensing is at odds with the idea of author copyright. This confusion is common. For example, the website of the Open Access Scholarly Publisher's Association <i><a href="https://oaspa.org/information-resources/frequently-asked-questions/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Licensing FAQ</a> s</i>tates: "one of the criteria for membership is that a publisher must use a liberal license that encourages the reuse and distribution of content" and later "Instead of transferring rights exclusively to publishers (the approach usually followed in subscription publishing), authors grant a non-exclusive license to the publisher to distribute the work, and all users and readers are granted rights to reuse the work". If copyright and CC licenses really do belong to the authors, then journal-level Creative Commons license statements are incorrect.<br />
<br />
<b>Even more room for improvement</b><br />
<br />
The above, while leaving some room for improvement, appears to reflect best practices at the present time. Other approaches leave even more room for improvement. For example, in <a href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/libertas-academica-journals" rel="noopener" target="_blank">2016 Sage acquired open access publisher Libertas Academica</a>. The titles that Sage has continued can now be found on the Sage website. The Libertas Academica titles that Sage no longer publishes can be found as trigged content on the CLOCKSS website. However, the original Libertas Academica website no longer exists and there is no indication of where to find these titles from the Sage website.<br />
Titles that were formerly published by BioMedCentral are simply no longer listed on the BMC list of journals. For example, if you would like to know where to find Gigascience, formerly published by BMC, you can find information at the site of the current publisher, Oxford. A <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/13742" rel="noopener" target="_blank">note on the SpringerLink page</a> indicates that BMC maintains an archive of content on its website. However, if you look for Gigascience on the <a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/journals-a-z#jump-to-G" rel="noopener" target="_blank">BMC journal list</a>, it simply is not listed. It would be an improvement to follow the practice of Dove and include the title, link to the archived content, and provide a link to the current publisher.<br />
<br />
<b>Solutions? Some suggestions</b><br />
<br />
If journals and publishers were encouraged to return copyright to the authors when a journal is no longer published, or a book is no longer being actively marketed (in addition to using their existing rights to archive and make works freely available), then authors, if they chose to do so, could release new versions of their works. For example, a work currently available in PDF could be re-released in XML to facilitate text and data-mining, or perhaps updated versions, and authors could, if desired, release new versions with more liberal licenses than journal-level licenses that must of necessity fit the lowest common denominator (the author least willing or able to share).<br />
<br />
Education, among the existing open access community, and beyond is needed. First, we need to understand the perhaps unavoidable micro level nature of at least some elements of copyright under conditions of re-use of material. For example, if a CC-BY licensed image by one photographer or artist is included in a scholarly article written by a different person that is also CC-BY licensed, the moral rights, including attribution, are different for the copyright holder of the image and that of the author of the article. In academia, attribution and moral rights are essential to our careers.<br />
<br />
The intersection of plagiarism and copyright is different in academia. If one musical composer copies another's work, copyright law is likely the go-to remedy. If a student presents someone else's work as their own, academic procedures for dealing with plagiarism will apply, regardless of the copyright status of the work. For example, the musician using a public domain work need not worry about copyright but the student using a public domain work without attribution is guilty of plagiarism and likely to face serious consequences. Evolving norms for other types of creators (amateur or professional photographers, video game developers) may not work for academia.<br />
<br />
For CLOCKSS, a statement that all triggered content is made freely available to the public, and that additional rights may be available for some works, with advice to look at the work in question to understand re-use rights, would be an improvement.<br />
<br />
<b>Your comments and suggestions? </b><br />
<br />
This is an area where even today's best practices are wanting, and the solutions / suggestions listed above are intended as an invitation to open a conversation on potential emerging practices that may take some time to fully figure out. Peer review and suggestions are welcome, via the comments section or e-mail. If you are using e-mail, please let me know if I may transfer the content to this post and if so whether you would like to be attributed or not.<br />
<br />
This post is cross-posted to the <a href="https://wordpress.com/post/sustainingknowledgecommons.org/3322" target="_blank">Sustaining the Knowledge Commons</a> research blog and forms part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2012/10/critique-of-cc-by-series.html" target="_blank">Creative Commons and Open Access Critique</a> series. Comments and suggestions are welcome on either blog.Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-30586373373492770442018-07-04T18:10:00.001-07:002018-07-06T05:48:02.556-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access June 2018Congratulations to <a href="https://www.doaj.org/" target="_blank">DOAJ</a> for recently surpassing a milestone of over 3 million articles searchable at the article level! <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDGYv_J001Kfdbg-MheRoxGw8gTKEJzK7aJTPWQoLW3pvt483LqlAs08FxIc_C8SOUkW7sAuJe3iRucgKOTcpbjSIG4v6ePokP4gtosOq2bmCuYxrVknicnqS7hfznYeIDN1hOqg/s1600/biorxiv.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="752" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDGYv_J001Kfdbg-MheRoxGw8gTKEJzK7aJTPWQoLW3pvt483LqlAs08FxIc_C8SOUkW7sAuJe3iRucgKOTcpbjSIG4v6ePokP4gtosOq2bmCuYxrVknicnqS7hfznYeIDN1hOqg/s400/biorxiv.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
The outstanding growth story by percentage for the second quarter of 2018 was <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/" target="_blank">bioRxiv</a>. From March 31 - June 30, bioRxiv grew by 5,290 articles for a total of 28,070 articles, a growth rate of 23% for this quarter and 129% (more than doubled) over the past year.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
38 of the limited set of indicators that I track had growth rates this quarter of 2% or more, equivalent of 8% annual growth, more than double the base rate of growth of scholarly journals and articles of 3 - 3.5% (de Solla Price, 1963; Mabe & Amin, 2001).<br />
<br />
My best guesstimates of "how much open access there is" are based on the meta-search tool <a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">BASE </a>(the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine). BASE harvests metadata from repositories and open access journals using OAI-PMH. BASE now contains over 130 million documents from 6,444 sources. About 60% are open access; <b>collectively, the OA movement now makes available about 78 million open access documents</b>. This quarter, BASE grew by over 13 million documents for a quarterly growth rate of 11%.<br />
<br />
The <a href="https://archive.org/" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a> as usual showed robust growth in a number of services - software components grew by 11% this quarter for a total of just over 230,000; audio recordings grew by 8% and are now over 8.8 million; collections also grew by 8% and are now over 325,000; close to a million texts were added this quarter for a growth rate of 6% and a total of over 16.5 million texts; there are close to 200,000 more videos for a growth rate of 5%; webpages and television each grew by 3%. There was a decrease in the number of images this quarter, down 18% or close to 700,000 images (does anyone know why? - if so please comment), in contrast with the annual growth for images from last year of 115% (more than double). <br />
<br />
For OA publishing, this quarter <a href="https://scoap3.org/" target="_blank">SCOAP3</a> grew by 1,772 documents or 9%. The <a href="https://www.doabooks.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Books</a> added 826 books and 17 publishers, 7% growth this quarter for both indicators. <a href="http://repec.org/" target="_blank">RePEC </a>added over 2,000 books for a quarterly growth rate of 6% (journal articles and total downloadable items each grew by 2%). <a href="https://www.doaj.org/" target="_blank">DOAJ</a> added about 7 new titles per day this quarter for a total net growth of 624 journals, a growth rate of 6%; DOAJ also by 6% in the number of journals and articles searchable at the article level, and as noted above, DOAJ surpassed a milestone of over 3 million articles searchable at the article level. DOAJ also added 4 countries this quarter. <br />
<br />
A <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/" target="_blank">PubMed </a>keyword search for "cancer" limited to the last year returned 5% more free fulltext this quarter. However, the same search with no date limit resulted in a slight (1%) decrease in free fulltext (does anyone know why? If so please comment). The same search with date limits of 5 years or 2 years result in a 2% increase in free fulltext. The number of items in <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" target="_blank">PubMedCentral</a> grew by 4% this quarter, adding 200,000 items for a total of 4.9 million (watch for the 5 million milestone coming soon). PMC journal participation grew by 2% this quarter on several indicators: the number of journals actively participating in PMC, the number of journals providing immediate free access, the number of journals depositing all content in PMC, and the number of journals that deposit some content in PMC.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://arxiv.org/" target="_blank">arXiv</a> grew by 3%; <a href="https://roarmap.eprints.org/" target="_blank">ROARMAP</a> OA policy listings by 2%, as did the total number of journals that can be read free of charge listed by the <a href="https://rzblx1.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/index.phtml?bibid=AAAAA&colors=7&lang=en" target="_blank">Electronic Journals Library</a>.<br />
<br />
Congratulations and thank you to every one of the thousands of journals, repositories, publishers, and related services, and the millions of authors choosing to make your work open access. Please accept my apologies for not tracking everyone, due to my human limitations. I encourage everyone to applaud and celebrate your own, and your neighbour's, accomplishments and milestones - and share them with everyone in the OA movement by joining the <a href="http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/items" target="_blank">OATP tag team</a>. <br />
<br />
To download the data go to the <a href="https://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dataverse/dgoa" target="_blank">DGOA dataverse</a>.<br />
<br />
This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access</a> series. <br />
<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
Mabe, M., & Amin, M. (2001). Growth dynamics of
scholarly and scientific journals. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientometrics</i>,
51(1), 147-162.</div>
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
</div>
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
</div>
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
Price, D. J. d. S. (1963). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Little science, big science</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</div>
Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-4333991823931172282018-04-02T15:05:00.001-07:002018-04-02T15:05:26.607-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access March 2018<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiS_4JKh0CNgTEWMRjGBl7TvoS17g0FOxguUUH2zXCAYh4lJB8tls-SJOY-SZjF988czPFOAb3oAIoZi2J4INJamIUmrZS9zz5isPPKkdkTtixlarYvA-SDfxUDPP2-4kTQ-FD2A/s1600/bioRxivgrowth.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="752" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiS_4JKh0CNgTEWMRjGBl7TvoS17g0FOxguUUH2zXCAYh4lJB8tls-SJOY-SZjF988czPFOAb3oAIoZi2J4INJamIUmrZS9zz5isPPKkdkTtixlarYvA-SDfxUDPP2-4kTQ-FD2A/s320/bioRxivgrowth.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
As usual open access is showing strong growth in many directions; more open access archives, documents, journals, articles, and books. This quarter focuses on the large number of indicators of growth beyond the usual background growth of scholarly journals and articles of 3 - 3.5% per year. Newcomer <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/" target="_blank">bioRxiv,</a> with 21% growth this quarter (equivalent to 84% annual growth) is far above this background growth. This quarter,<a href="http://www.doaj.org/" target="_blank"> DOAJ</a> added a net total of 378 journals, or more than 4 journals per day, for a total of 11,105 journals. The number of journals searchable at the article level has increased by 236 for a total of 8,045 journals. The number of articles searchable at the article level is just under 3 million. The number of documents searchable through <a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">BASE</a> grew by 3.5 million for a total of just under 24 million (about 60% of these, over 14 million, are open access). BASE added 121 content providers for a total of over 600 content providers. The percentage of PubMed records for a search for "cancer" that retrieve full-text is 27% overall, with a high of 45% for records published in the last 5 years. The percentage of full-text retrieval is rising at a steady rate. <br />
<br />
The overall growth rate for scholarly articles and journals has been fairly steady over the past few centuries, in the range of 3 - 3.5% growth annually (Price, 1963; Mabe & Amin, 2001). As noted in the following chart, in the past quarter alone there have been 43 indicators of growth above that level, at least 1% in the quarter (equivalent of 4% annually). <br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 472px;">
<colgroup><col style="mso-width-alt: 2560; mso-width-source: userset; width: 60pt;" width="80"></col>
<col style="mso-width-alt: 7168; mso-width-source: userset; width: 168pt;" width="224"></col>
<col style="mso-width-alt: 3114; mso-width-source: userset; width: 73pt;" width="97"></col>
<col style="width: 53pt;" width="71"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="100" style="height: 75.0pt; mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl69" height="100" style="height: 75.0pt; width: 60pt;" width="80">Quarterly
growth percentage</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Item</td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-left: none; width: 73pt;" width="97">03/31/18</td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-left: none; width: 53pt;" width="71">Quarterly growth
numeric</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">21%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">bioRxiv
articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">22,780</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,958</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">13%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">DOAB
books</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">11,685</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,370</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">10%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">SCOAP3
article</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">19,778</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,736</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">9%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Internet
Archive Video</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,128,556</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">328,556</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">8%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Internet
Archive Collections</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">338,578</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">25,578</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">8%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Internet
Archive Recordings</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,094,506</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">294,506</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">7%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Internet
Archive Television</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,607,000</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">107,000</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">7%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">DOAJ
# of articles searchable at article level</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,984,612</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">192,911</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">6%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">DOAB
# publishers</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">261</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">14</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">5%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PubMed
keyword search: cancer- last year - free fulltext</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">59,695</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,083</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">5%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Internet
Archive Texts</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">15,760,271</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">760,271</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">5%</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">RePEC
chapters</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">49,294</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,376</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">5%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Internet
Archive Webpages (billions)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">325</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">15</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">4%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Internet
Archive Images</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,865,878</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">165,878</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">4%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">RePEc
journal articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,659,120</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">67,779</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">4%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PubMed
keyword search: cancer- last 5 years - free fulltext</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">367,509</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">13,048</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">4%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Internet
Archive Software</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">206,098</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">7,098</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">4%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">DOAJ
# journals</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">11,105</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">378</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PubMed
keyword search: cancer- last 2 years - free fulltext</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">142,572</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,723</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">RePEC
downloadable articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,354,480</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">75,341</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">ROARMAP
# OA policies</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">916</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">27</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">DOAJ
# articles searchable at article level</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">8,045</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">236</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PubMed
keyword search: cancer - free fulltext</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">980,174</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">28,288</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">BASE
# documents</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">123,932,954</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,549,531</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">3%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PMC
journals with some articles open access</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">682</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">18</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">DOAJ
# countries</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">124</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">arXiv<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,375,438</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">32,713</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PMC
select deposit journals</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,588</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">94</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">BASE
# content providers</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">6,159</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">121</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">RePEC
books</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">35,263</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">626</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PubMed
keyword search: cancer - last 5 years - all results</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">810,024</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">13,629</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">RePEc
working papers</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">807,624</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">13,499</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">OpenDOAR
# repositories</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,517</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">53</td>
</tr>
<tr height="89" style="height: 67.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="89" style="border-top: none; height: 67.0pt;">2%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliotek - # journals that can be read free of charge<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">60,129</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">889</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">chapters
(OECD ilibrary)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">60,300</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">840</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PubMed
keyword search: cancer - all results</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">3,639,629</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">47,117</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PMC
journals with immediate free access</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,852</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">20</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">ROAR
# repositories</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,643</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">46</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">RePEc
software components</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">4,068</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">40</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">OECD
ilibrary tables and graphs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">175,500</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">1,650</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PMC
actively participating journals</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,466</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">20</td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="20" style="border-top: none; height: 15.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl73" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">OECD
ilibrary working papers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">5,600</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">40</td>
</tr>
<tr height="37" style="height: 28.0pt;">
<td align="right" class="xl74" height="37" style="border-top: none; height: 28.0pt;">1%</td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-left: none; border-top: none; width: 168pt;" width="224">PMC
journals that submit all articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">2,108</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72" style="border-left: none; border-top: none;">15</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
</div>
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
Mabe, M., & Amin, M. (2001). Growth dynamics of
scholarly and scientific journals. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientometrics</i>,
51(1), 147-162.</div>
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
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<br /></div>
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Price, D. J. d. S. (1963). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Little science, big science</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</div>
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="5ReferencesNormal">
This post is part of the<a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank"> Dramatic Growth of Open Access</a> series. Full data can be downloaded from <a href="https://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dataverse/dgoa" target="_blank">here</a>. </div>
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</style>Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-15723692358452521222017-12-31T13:05:00.004-08:002017-12-31T13:05:49.511-08:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access December 31, 2017<b>Highlights</b><br />
<br />
As usual the open access movement has much to celebrate as 2017 draws to a close, and the whole world has much to look forward to from open access in 2018. As of today there are 4.6 million articles in PubMedCentral, thanks in large measure to constantly increasing participation by scholarly journals; sometime in 2018 this is likely to exceed 5 million. DOAJ added a net 1,272 journals (3.5 / day) and showed even stronger growth in article searchability; a DOAJ milestone of 3 million searchable articles in likely to come in 2018. The Directory of Open Access Books nearly doubled in size and now has more than 10,000 books from 247 publishers. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, the best surrogate for overall growth, continues to amaze with over 120 million documents, growth of 17.3 million in 2017, a 17% growth rate on a very substantial base; a 20% growth in content providers is an indication of the overall growth of the repository movement. arXiv's growth rate was 10% while newcomer arXiv clones socRxiv grew by 187% and bioRxiv by 151%. REPEC grew by 13%, SCOAP3 by 32%. Internet Archive grew by 31 billion web pages, 4 million texts, 2.4 million images, 800,000 movies, and 600,000 audio recordings. Following are selected details indicating the content numbers at the end of 2017, 2017 growth by number, percentage, and where warranted, by day.<br />
<br />
Full data can be downloaded from here: <a href="https://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dataverse/dgoa">https://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dataverse/dgoa</a><br />
<br />
<b>Details (selected)</b><br />
<br />
Totals are from December 31, 2017. Annual growth: Dec. 31, 2017 - Dec. 31, 2017<br />
<br />
<b>Free journals</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://doaj.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals</a><br />
<br />
10,727 journals<br />
<ul>
<li>2017 growth: 1,272 journals (3.5 / day), growth rate 13%</li>
</ul>
7,809 journals searchable at article level<br />
<ul>
<li>2017 growth: 1,175 (3.2 / day), growth rate 18%</li>
</ul>
2,791,701 articles searchable at article level<br />
<ul>
<li>2017 growth: 391,443 (1,072 / day), growth rate 16%</li>
</ul>
Milestone to watch for in 2018: 3 million articles searchable at article level<br />
<br />
<a href="https://rzblx1.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/index.phtml?bibid=AAAAA&colors=7&lang=en" target="_blank">Electronic Journals Library </a><br />
<br />
59,240 journals that can be read free of charge (2017 growth: 3,678 (10 / day), 7% growth)<br />
<br />
<b>Free books</b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/" target="_blank">OECD ilibrary</a><br />
<br />
11,690 e-book titles (2017 growth 640 (2 / day), growth rate 6%<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.doabooks.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Books</a><br />
<br />
10,315 academic peer-reviewed books, 247 publishers<br />
<ul>
<li>2017 growth: 4,713 (13 / day), growth rate 84%, increase of 80 publishers</li>
</ul>
See also Internet Archive below <br />
<ul>
</ul>
<b>Repositories</b><br />
<a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine </a><br />
<br />
120,383,423 documents<br />
<ul>
<li>2017 growth: 17.3 million documents (47,000 / day), growth rate 17%</li>
</ul>
6,038 content providers<br />
<ul>
<li>2017 growth: 1,015 (3 / day), growth rate 20%</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.opendoar.org/" target="_blank">OpenDOAR </a><br />
<br />
3,464 repositories -- 2017 growth 179, (.5 / day), growth rate 5%<br />
<br />
<a href="http://roar.eprints.org/" target="_blank">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a><br />
<br />
4,597 repositories - 2017 growth 232, 1 / day), growth rate 5%<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" target="_blank">PubMedCentral </a><br />
<br />
4.6 million items - 2017 growth 500,000, (1,370 / day), growth rate 12%<br />
<br />
2,446 journals actively participating in PMC - 2017 growth 120, growth rate 5%<br />
<br />
1,832 journals in PMC with immediate free access - 2017 growth 112, growth rate 7%<br />
<br />
1,478 journals in PMC with all articles open access - 2017 growth 52, growth rate 4%<br />
<br />
664 journals in PMC with some articles open access - 2017 growth 95, growth rate 17%<br />
<br />
2,093 full participation journals (deposit ALL articles in PMC) - 2017 growth 120, growth rate 6%<br />
<br />
329 NIH portfolio journals (deposit NIH funded article in PMC) - 2017 growth 5, growth rate 2%<br />
<br />
4,494 selective deposit (deposit some articles in PMC) - 2017 growth 421 (1 / day), growth rate 10%<br />
<br />
33% of articles keyword "cancer" freefulltext within 1 year of publication (41% at 2 years, 45% at 5 years, 26% with no date limiter) <br />
<br />
Milestone to watch for in 2018: 5 million items <br />
<br />
<a href="https://arxiv.org/" target="_blank">arXiv</a><br />
<br />
1,342,725 items - 2017 growth 123,501 (338 / day), growth rate 10%<br />
<br />
<a href="https://socopen.org/" target="_blank">SocArXiv </a><br />
<br />
1,814 preprints - 2017 growth 1,183 (3 / day), growth rate 187%<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/" target="_blank">bioRxiv</a><br />
<br />
18,822 article - 2017 growth 11,322 (31 / day), growth rate 151%<br />
<br />
<a href="http://repec.org/" target="_blank">RePEC</a><br />
<br />
2,279,139 downloadable items - 2017 growth 257,605 (706 / day), growth rate 13%<br />
<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a><br />
<br />
310 billion webpages - 2017 growth 31 billion webpages (85,000 / day), growth rate 11%<br />
<br />
3.8 million video (movies) - 2017 growth 800,000 (2,192 / day), growth rate 27%<br />
<br />
3.8 million audio recordings - 2017 growth 600,000 (1,644 / day), growth rate 19% <br />
<br />
15,000,000 texts - 2017 growth: 4 million (11,000 / day), growth rate 36%<br />
<br />
3.7 million images - 2017 growth: 2.4 million (6,575 / day), growth rate 185%<br />
<br />
<a href="https://scoap3.org/" target="_blank">SCOAP3</a><br />
<br />
18,042 articles - 2017 growth: 4,410 (12 / day), growth rate 32%<br />
<br />
This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access series</a>. <br />
<br />Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-59651851794103422072017-10-23T16:47:00.000-07:002017-10-23T16:50:05.043-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access September 30, 2017Happy Open Access Week!<br />
<br />
<b>In brief</b>: best guesstimate - there are approximately 70 million OA documents<b> </b>today
(subset of BASE's 115 million, about 60% OA), with OA documents at BASE
growing at a rate of about 1,800 OA documents per day. Where do these
come from? Thousands of OA archives - with PubMedCentral the largest by
far at 4.5 million articles and active participation by thousands of
journals. This quarter by the numbers the DOAJ team set a new record
with a net growth of 689 journals of 7.7 titles per day. However,
percentage wise the most remarkable quarterly growth was all about
archives, with BioRxiv and SocRXiv topping the growth list by
percentage, and as usual several sections of Internet Archive well up on
the growth list. On an annual basis, Directory of Open Access Books was
the fastest growing in terms of both # of books and # of publishers.<br />
<br />
To download the raw data, go to the<a href="https://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dataverse/dgoa" target="_blank"> DGOA dataverse</a>. <br />
<br />
<b>Detail</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf0GOTTod2fKctKEVz7PvvhYWFXKx5G6XaWJePVAIyFIB8J83PfePmUSapdMsO25bXAx0MsuANpQdQMq5b-Zx_M8BLXiDecZPKEpZjwB5JBv5CIM9Diwn47hZicF43v1wy0Y4LOg/s1600/basenumberdocs20170930.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="362" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf0GOTTod2fKctKEVz7PvvhYWFXKx5G6XaWJePVAIyFIB8J83PfePmUSapdMsO25bXAx0MsuANpQdQMq5b-Zx_M8BLXiDecZPKEpZjwB5JBv5CIM9Diwn47hZicF43v1wy0Y4LOg/s320/basenumberdocs20170930.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine </a>(BASE), in addition to a great OA search engine, provides the best (if rough) guesstimate of how much we are achieving
together, added 2.7 million documents this quarter for a total of 115
million. About 60% of the content in BASE is OA, so this is roughly
growth of 160,000 open access items over the past quarter, or about
1,800 documents per day, with a total of about 6.9 million open access
documents.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ayfhlq10nrk0Ls6utDLsdYwCfucCjskvFnS-Q1vUTyssMVEMWzU61OBnS9b69eAvGWWSlMdEm7Deffy8Lima7QCSu1G_kubmF6vtUz8Anf07vFPJ3d4Z_JZMpq9pbIsj0CRBPg/s1600/doajarticlesarticlelevel.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="362" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ayfhlq10nrk0Ls6utDLsdYwCfucCjskvFnS-Q1vUTyssMVEMWzU61OBnS9b69eAvGWWSlMdEm7Deffy8Lima7QCSu1G_kubmF6vtUz8Anf07vFPJ3d4Z_JZMpq9pbIsj0CRBPg/s320/doajarticlesarticlelevel.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
While
the growth of open access is always amazing, sometimes it's more
evident by the numbers, other times by the percentage. By the numbers:
this quarter DOAJ net growth was 689 titles - that's 7.7 titles per day,
a record for <a href="http://www.doaj.org/" target="_blank">DOAJ</a>! As of September 30, DOAJ included<br />
10,114
titles. As the chart shows, growth in DOAJ at the searchable article
level is particularly remarkable, growing from just over 60,000 in 2004
to close to 2.5 million articles today. Over at <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" target="_blank">PubMedCentral</a> there are now 4.5 million documents with close to 7 thousand journals actively contributing content. <br />
<br />
By the percentages, it was a particularly good quarter for open access archives. Newcomers <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/" target="_blank">bioRxiv </a>and <a href="https://socopen.org/" target="_blank">SocArXiv </a>top
the quarterly growth by percentage with growth rates of 25% for bioRxiv
(equivalent to doubling in a year) and 22% for SocArXiv (just under
doubling in a year). bioRxiv now has 15,000 preprints, SocArXiv close to
1,500. As usual growth at <a href="https://archive.org/" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a>
was very impressive, 14% growth in texts (now 14.5 million free texts),
12% growth in the recently added collections category (now close to
300,000 collections) and 9% growth in software (close to 200,000). The<a href="http://repec.org/" target="_blank"> RePEC</a> book collection grew by 12% to over 33,000*.<br />
<br />
On an annual basis by percentage, <a href="https://www.doabooks.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Books</a>
is at the top for growth both in # of books (65% growth, now close to
9,000 titles) and # of publishers (40% growth, 225 publishers). BASE
continues to amaze with a 23% increase in content providers over the
past year (edging up towards 6,000), and 15% growth in content (now at
115 million documents). <br />
<br />
* The RePEC book chapter
category also showed amazing growth, but perhaps this is an artefact due
to a recent clean-up project as numbers were significantly down last
quarter.<br />
<br />
This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access</a> series. Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-91266302801078858622017-06-30T15:24:00.001-07:002017-06-30T17:37:05.681-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access June 30, 2017<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIbY_uhZ8je-EbmWQrAatbZDs7KKct-WMBM-cRp4LDe3noqHXJmVGbHpm1OAOJ7uM-IAa-8AHo2EuHQJglwoDPZZvxBlg2ezfgTm7JSJXluoM8q-BpY9HviV6m-Wxmx9MdWSKbqw/s1600/socarxiv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="362" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIbY_uhZ8je-EbmWQrAatbZDs7KKct-WMBM-cRp4LDe3noqHXJmVGbHpm1OAOJ7uM-IAa-8AHo2EuHQJglwoDPZZvxBlg2ezfgTm7JSJXluoM8q-BpY9HviV6m-Wxmx9MdWSKbqw/s320/socarxiv.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3C2rA5bzFwa6ifgq-3lupeca7T2nSv1IUmpkm72eqEnVf9RAlWb1AQ_ihyz-kymi9t5JhgUHYfrSBzrAZrhl2oQ475e_u6Q_zQcCC9d_4WbVCSTGfkbtRy7akgP8lKv3tOq_IgA/s1600/biorxiv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="362" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3C2rA5bzFwa6ifgq-3lupeca7T2nSv1IUmpkm72eqEnVf9RAlWb1AQ_ihyz-kymi9t5JhgUHYfrSBzrAZrhl2oQ475e_u6Q_zQcCC9d_4WbVCSTGfkbtRy7akgP8lKv3tOq_IgA/s320/biorxiv.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br />
<b>Correction</b>: DOAJ will soon surpass 2.5 million articles, not a quarter of a billion as originally reported. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>Highlights</b><br />
<br />
Open access continues to demonstrate robust growth on a
global scale, in terms of works that are made available open access, ongoing growth in infrastructure (new repositories, journals, book
publishers), strong growth for new initiatives such as SocArxiv, BioRxiv, the Directory of Open Access Books, SCOAP3, as well as ongoing strong growth in established services such as BASE, PubMed / PubMedCentral, Internet Archive (check out the new Collections including a Trump archive and FactChecker), DOAJ (almost 2.5 million articles searchable at the article level), RePEC and arXiv. Ongoing growth in infrastructure and OA policy give every reason to expect this growth to be
ongoing.<br />
<br />
<b>Open Data Version</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Q1ernM_wvUEdm15wpkM-N1PBdm-LbZ5-P_9cwcOZ4K20FYSqaAxF7ftWIOU4jILiHEARfoj5mjvn7xYorE-9pAFRPjKpDtjla2mWUy2FTXZqFGv7PKl9yN6Va3Oa5qhREHwJng/s1600/doabnumberpublishers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="362" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7Q1ernM_wvUEdm15wpkM-N1PBdm-LbZ5-P_9cwcOZ4K20FYSqaAxF7ftWIOU4jILiHEARfoj5mjvn7xYorE-9pAFRPjKpDtjla2mWUy2FTXZqFGv7PKl9yN6Va3Oa5qhREHwJng/s320/doabnumberpublishers.jpg" width="320" /></a><span id="citation-select">Morrison, Heather, 2014, "Dramatic Growth of Open Access", <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10864/10660" target="_blank">hdl:10864/10660</a>, Scholars Portal Dataverse, V17, </span><br />
<br />
<b>Details</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVt4xco0nUuoGvqpOnmRq2AkX1URrCkFwiqeYki_F8gkRy5Hy-3kyTs-dnwe92AsypFvSHQfggfyDfpgmQGi_wJUe0XrARI3-RJg6A8XhCio0Xf6ldxYtGqDN7PF9NBf_6L119dw/s1600/doabnumberbooks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="362" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVt4xco0nUuoGvqpOnmRq2AkX1URrCkFwiqeYki_F8gkRy5Hy-3kyTs-dnwe92AsypFvSHQfggfyDfpgmQGi_wJUe0XrARI3-RJg6A8XhCio0Xf6ldxYtGqDN7PF9NBf_6L119dw/s320/doabnumberbooks.jpg" width="320" /></a>This edition of the Dramatic Growth of Open Access highlights two of the new kids on the OA block - <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv" target="_blank">SocArxiv </a>and <a href="http://www.biorxiv.org/" target="_blank">BioRxiv</a>, modeled on early OA success story <a href="https://arxiv.org/" target="_blank">arXiv</a>, topping the quarterly growth by percentage with percentage growth of about 30% each! SocArxiv now has 1,200 documents and BioRxiv 12,800. <br />
<br />
Similarly, a relative newcomer, the <a href="http://www.doabooks.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Books</a>, is in both first and second place for annual growth by percentage with 68% growth for OA books and 40% of OA publishers in the past year for a total of 8,172 open access books and 217 OA book publishers. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2tnXAxbNAe5PT7AJn0voiYPsvuohxwiaakO3chZ2VD9KLdwnZ5Qu-TVQzG6pcb7SldvynceMcwno39cU5tQbVMhbUF6uT-BpQTwqDRLnio-WrF2tGwNrmpPaBYHSSrT5ZBPxXA/s1600/basecontentproviders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="362" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM2tnXAxbNAe5PT7AJn0voiYPsvuohxwiaakO3chZ2VD9KLdwnZ5Qu-TVQzG6pcb7SldvynceMcwno39cU5tQbVMhbUF6uT-BpQTwqDRLnio-WrF2tGwNrmpPaBYHSSrT5ZBPxXA/s320/basecontentproviders.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://scoap3.org/" target="_blank">SCOAP3</a>, a global initiative to transform high-energy physics publishing to open access, is showing remarkable growth, 39% in the last year and 8% in the last quarter for a total of 15,790 articles funded.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO-uJa5ddZQdm1ZP87bqKqeAXuqw-32DUnoxoxmSbD25PtkbxyYQG2m4HED5zvMMPl5OSfas-rfdYSJSs6br1wJrYKCO7f8j9W6Xj5bwAuJS5eYgMcaw-jgqUa3HxJo-kc7et6tA/s1600/basenumberdocs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="362" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO-uJa5ddZQdm1ZP87bqKqeAXuqw-32DUnoxoxmSbD25PtkbxyYQG2m4HED5zvMMPl5OSfas-rfdYSJSs6br1wJrYKCO7f8j9W6Xj5bwAuJS5eYgMcaw-jgqUa3HxJo-kc7et6tA/s320/basenumberdocs.jpg" width="320" /></a>To celebrate the growth of <i>all</i> OA services two pictures are presented of the growth of the largest collective OA search engine that I am aware of. Together, the 5,000 content providers who contribute metadata to the <a href="https://www.base-search.net/about/en/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</a> (BASE) have made available over 112 million documents. Around 60% of these are open access, so the number of OA documents in the world can be said to be somewhere about 67 million. BASE also posts their own online statistics table and chart - check it out <a href="https://www.base-search.net/about/en/about_statistics.php?menu=2" target="_blank">here</a>. <br />
<br />
I wish I had the time to applaud and celebrate the growth of each and every OA service, but with 5,000 services contributing to BASE (and others that don't), if I worked on this 365 days a year I would have to cover 14 initiatives every day. So please feel free to help out by applauding and celebrating the services most relevant to you - the journals in your discipline, your institutional repository, the services you find most helpful to search.<br />
<br />
Below you will find tables listing the top services by quarterly (5% or more) and annual growth (10% or more). For the full numbers download the open data version (link above). As usual <a href="https://archive.org/" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a> is well represented, with 5 items in the list of the top 13 services by quarterly growth and the top 18 services by annual growth. Internet Archive also offers 2 intriguing new services under Collections - a <i>Trump Archive</i> with over a thousand videos and a <i>Fact Checker</i> collection with over 400 items, available at <a href="https://archive.org/details/tv">https://archive.org/details/tv</a><a href="https://archive.org/details/tv" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/tv</a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
Of course <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/" target="_blank">PubMed </a>and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" target="_blank">PubMedCentral</a> are up there in the growth charts, in this quarter for total number of items (5% quarterly growth) as well as what looks (to me) like hesitant new steps by a substantial number of journals, with a 26% increase in the number of contributing journals that provide some OA and a 14% increase in the number of journals that provide OA to selected articles. The number of journals providing immediate free access and/or all articles open access continues to increase, so this is clearly growth, not backsliding. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://doaj.org/" target="_blank">DOAJ</a> is included in the top growth services with 14% growth in the number of articles searchable at article level. DOAJ now has over 2.49 million articles searchable at the article level and should soon surpass 2.5 million articles. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://arxiv.org/" target="_blank">arXiv</a> and <a href="http://repec.org/" target="_blank">RePEC</a> are on the list for strong growth in articles, and <a href="https://roarmap.eprints.org/" target="_blank">ROARMAP</a> for growth in OA policies.<br />
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<td class="xl68" colspan="2" height="46" width="265">Quarterly growth (percentage)</td>
<td class="xl69" width="74">June 2017</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="12">32%</td>
<td class="xl66">SocArxiv preprints</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">1,200</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="12">29%</td>
<td class="xl66">BioRxiv all articles </td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">12,280</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="12">18%</td>
<td class="xl67" width="219"># of academic peer-reviewed books (DOAB)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">8,172</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="12">18%</td>
<td class="xl67" width="219"># publishers (DOAB)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">217</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="12">8%</td>
<td class="xl66">SCOAP3 articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">15,790</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="12">8%</td>
<td class="xl66">Internet Archive Software</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">178,635</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="18">7%</td>
<td class="xl66">Video (movies)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Internet Archive)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">3,437,542</td>
</tr>
<tr height="32" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="32">7%</td>
<td class="xl66">Texts<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Internet
Archive)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">12,821,051</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="18">5%</td>
<td class="xl66">Images (Internet Archive)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">1,476,743</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="18">5%</td>
<td class="xl66"># of content providers (BASE)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">5,621</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="18">5%</td>
<td class="xl66">Audio (recordings)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Internet Archive)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">3,477,033</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="18">5%</td>
<td class="xl66">Webpages (Internet Archive) (in billions)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">298</td>
</tr>
<tr height="24" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl65" height="24">5%</td>
<td class="xl67" width="219">PubMedCentral (number of items)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">4,400,000</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<td class="xl68" colspan="2" height="46" width="264">Annual growth (percentage)</td>
<td class="xl70" width="91">06/30/17</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="12">68%</td>
<td class="xl66" width="211"># of academic peer-reviewed books (DOAB)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">8,172</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="12">40%</td>
<td class="xl66" width="211"># publishers (DOAB)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">217</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="12">39%</td>
<td class="xl65">SCOAP3 number of archives</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">15,790</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="12">34%</td>
<td class="xl65">Video (movies)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Internet Archive)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">3,437,542</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="12">33%</td>
<td class="xl65">Internet Archive: Software</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">178,635</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="12">29%</td>
<td class="xl65"># of content providers (BASE)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">5,621</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">27%</td>
<td class="xl65">Texts<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Internet
Archive)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">12,821,051</td>
</tr>
<tr height="32" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="32">26%</td>
<td class="xl67">PMC journals some OA</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">609</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">25%</td>
<td class="xl65">Internet Archive: Images</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">1,476,743</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">20%</td>
<td class="xl65"># of documents (BASE)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">112,458,360</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">17%</td>
<td class="xl65">Audio (recordings)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Internet Archive)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">3,477,033</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">17%</td>
<td class="xl65">RePEc journal articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl73" width="91">1,491,037</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">14%</td>
<td class="xl65"># of articles searchable at article level (DOAJ)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">2,493,835</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">14%</td>
<td class="xl67">PMC select deposit journals</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">4,296</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">13%</td>
<td class="xl65">RePEC downloadable</td>
<td align="right" class="xl73" width="91">2,143,844</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">13%</td>
<td class="xl65">Total Policies (ROARMAP)</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">872</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">13%</td>
<td class="xl66" width="211">PMC # items</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">4,400,000</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td align="right" class="xl71" height="18">10%</td>
<td class="xl65">arXiv<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>http://arxiv.org/ </td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">1,278,739</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access Series</a><br />
<br />
Feel free to <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2015/06/new-terms-and-conditions-for-ijpe-or.html" target="_blank">copy and share - with love</a>. Note that images are compressed by the software to reduce file size, and they are also quickly outdated. You are welcome to use the images, but my recommendation is to download the data and make your own graphics. It's easier than you think with tools like modern spreadsheet software. <br />
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Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-80756437606935316332017-06-28T10:53:00.000-07:002017-06-28T10:53:55.514-07:00Critical Data Literacy, why and how: an Open Education Resource (OER)This OER was developed for <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5n66wofwO7aR3o0eDJ3UWUzVW8/view" target="_blank">presentation</a> at the <a href="https://carleton.ca/datapower/" target="_blank">Data Power 2017 </a>conference held at Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario June 22 - 23. This is primarily a framework for how to go about teaching critical data literacy in the student-centered tradition of Freire, supplemented by the work of Tygel and colleagues. A sample introduction developed for Canadian university students, and a few references, are included. My definition of critical data literacy as used in this OER is: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
critical data literacy is the ability to understand and critique how the beliefs and values of people and groups (including government) influence what data is created, how it is shared and how it used by to tell compelling stories by storytellers whose beliefs and values shape the kind of stories they choose to tell and how they tell the stories. Critical data literacy also means having the ability to create and tell one's own stories using data.
</blockquote>
This OER is released under the terms of copy and share - with love, my latest statement on sharing which can be found at the bottom of this post. The Freire tradition of popular education involves starting with the lived experience of students. In this context, following is what I recommend for anyone who wishes to develop a full critical data literacy program based on the framework. I think that this framework could be adapated for teaching at any level, from community-based learning (led by community groups or organizers or as a participatory action research project) to graduate classes (that's where I teach). Some of the details would change. For example, if you are teaching at a university, some parts of the process are likely to involve formal evaluation (marking), but if you are teaching to the general public or a community group, this would not make sense. Please adjust as needed for your own context.<br />
<br />
The overall approach:<br />
<ol>
<li>Identify your student group. Think about what kinds of issues or problems they might have that could potentially be helped by data, the kind of data stories they might be familiar with. </li>
<li>Develop an introduction to critical data literacy. Tygel and colleagues (2015, 2016) found that this was necessary. One way to think about the difference between critical data literacy and basic literacy (reading) is that people who do not know how to read in recent history are likely to be aware of the existence of reading as something that other people do. Data literacy / critical data literacy is not at this point in time as broadly understood as reading.</li>
<li>Plan the 3 phases of the framework that follow directly from the Freire tradition: investigation, thematisation, and problematisation. In these phases, students should lead the learning process (active learning), pursuing problems and questions of their own devising. The teacher's role is to provide support. </li>
<li>Plan a systematisation (synthesis) wrap-up approach that makes sense for your student group. In some cases this might be left for the students to decide the approach, and the teacher only helps to guide the students towards this closure. In a formal educational setting, this might involve a pre-determined assignment.</li>
<li>Implement!</li>
</ol>
The 5 phases are: introduction, investigation, thematisation, problematisation, and systematization (synthesis). Details follow. The introduction section is the most fully developed as this is the only teaching portion that involves imparting knowledge; all others begin with the student.<br />
<br />
<b>Introduction</b><br />
<br />
As noted above, it will not be obvious to everyone what data literacy or critical data literacy is or why they should learn about it, as discovered by Tygel and colleagues (2015, 2016). For this reason, an introduction to the topic may be helpful. In this phase one might invite in guest speakers from the community who use data in their storytelling and/or to provide examples of data storytelling. This is also where definitions of critical data literacy could be introduced. In addition to my definition (see above), I like this definition of data literacy from the <i>Data Journalism Handbook</i> because it includes the element of <b>critical thinking</b>; not every definition that I have seen includes this, to me a significant omission. <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
data literacy is the ability to consume for knowledge, produce coherently and <b>think critical</b>ly about data [emphasis added] (Grey, Bounearu & Chambers (2012)</blockquote>
Following is a <b>sample introduction </b>developed for an audience of Canadian university students. If you are teaching a different type of student group, I recommend that you develop your own introduction tailored to your group. If you do and you are willing to share this with others, please send me a link (via e-mail to Heather dot Morrison at uottawa dot ca) or as a comment to this post and I will include a link to your work in this post. If you would like to use this introduction as is, please see the link to the <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5n66wofwO7aR3o0eDJ3UWUzVW8/view" target="_blank">full presentation</a>.<br />
<br />
<b>Introduction slide 1</b><br />
<br />
This slide presents two conflicting stories that are told using basically the same underlying data. One of these (tax freedom day) will be very familiar to the audience, while the other will not as it is relatively new. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLp80r6ybhr4CaC2HqjX9LDsPJG964s4jTPgrKPrBlFvHINUQFYlOTOU5g3NkmkABshTZzwSgbPvl-jcLOdHNq3_pddFugyj41yb4gSkUYAWv1_yFYFstdMYfSa0fl_m9cEHREhw/s1600/Slide08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLp80r6ybhr4CaC2HqjX9LDsPJG964s4jTPgrKPrBlFvHINUQFYlOTOU5g3NkmkABshTZzwSgbPvl-jcLOdHNq3_pddFugyj41yb4gSkUYAWv1_yFYFstdMYfSa0fl_m9cEHREhw/s320/Slide08.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> slide illustrates two very different perspectives on
taxation in Canada. On the left, we see the Fraser Institute’s Tax Freedom Day.
The Fraser Institute, a right-wing think tank, uses data to tell their story of
over-taxed Canadians, working more than half the year for the government before
earning a dime for themselves. The idea of tax freedom day has been very
effective in Canada over the past few decades. On the right, we see one of the
images from the Broadbent Institute’s report T<i>he Brass Tax </i>which was published
very recently. The left-wing Broadbent Institute challenges the numbers behind
the Fraser Institute’s analysis, argues that Canadian taxation is pretty
reasonable compared to other countries, and presents a different picture. In
this case this graph illustrates Canada’s progressive approach to taxation and
makes the point that people with little to no income pay no income tax and only
a small percentage of Canadians age 25 to 54 are in the top income tax bracket,
paying more than 30% of income in taxes. These are 2 groups of people with a
different vision of what society should be like, using the same underlying data
to tell 2 very different stories. If we go directly to the data source, will
this eliminate the impact of the storyteller? Let’s see.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">The following two slides might be more effective as a live demo or in-class lab activity. </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ebfGKFHTc9YS_IjzR-e_Dq7kRCPFQLHMW0aymLtvs3yQpJLgCczkM971I3QLOs8vFF295aAcyG2HVrWn7R2pNi8Gw7qw9XkDpBGUIESPdKEiN7kwtpmlkdTJgV5piNV3UmKt2A/s1600/Slide09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ebfGKFHTc9YS_IjzR-e_Dq7kRCPFQLHMW0aymLtvs3yQpJLgCczkM971I3QLOs8vFF295aAcyG2HVrWn7R2pNi8Gw7qw9XkDpBGUIESPdKEiN7kwtpmlkdTJgV5piNV3UmKt2A/s320/Slide09.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One
of the underlying datasets used by both groups is the statistics provided by
OECD.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> If you go to the OECD website there are some neat online
tools that let us quickly visualize data in different ways. One of the elements
of the data story told by the Fraser Institute is that individual families pay
too much in taxes. I wondered if there has been any change in the portion of
tax revenue contributed through personal and corporate taxes over the years.
Here is what I found using the OECD website. It seems that more tax is gathered
from personal rather than corporate taxes, but over the past few years the
portions don’t seem to have changed much. This is the default view that shows
trends from 2000 – 2015. If this had fit what I already believed, I suspect I
would have stopped here. But I seem to recall a relative decrease in corporate
taxation over the past few decades so I decided to slide the years covered… </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">And
this is what I found. If</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> we slide the start date of the
visualization tool back to 1965, it does appear that there has been a relative
increase in tax revenue from personal sources and a relative decrease in tax
revenue from corporate sources. This shows how easy it would be for two people
with different perspectives on what a data trend is likely to be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to go to exactly the same dataset and
make a slight change to how the data is visualized to tell two very different
stories. </span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kaulfuss
uses OECD data to tell a story about U.S. health care spending</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> on a blog called </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Beyond Economics</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">. The story<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is that the U.S. spends two and a half
times the OECD average on health. It doesn’t surprise me that the U.S. spends
more than the OECD average on health, but I am surprised that the difference is
this much. What I found even more intriguing is the author’s claim that U.S.
public spending on health is above the OECD average. Who knew? Disclaimer: what
I am doing here is presenting stories told through data, I have not examined
the data itself so cannot comment on the accuracy of the story.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wikipedia
has a section called Health</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> Care in
Canada. Here in Canada many of us – I include myself – think highly of our
public health care system, and I think I see this perspective here. This
section states that “most health statistics in Canada are at or above the G8
average” in a paragraph that is followed by the table pictured above. The table draws from a
number of data sources and appears to me to demonstrate above-average data
literacy skills. However…</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> you look at the statistics that are presented and calculate
the averages, Canada is above average on 3 of 8 measures. This is not “most”.
This suggests a need for data literacy. If you look at the specific measures
where we are above average, an argument can be made that being above average in
life expectancy is a good thing. However, an above-average infant mortality
rate is probably not such a good thing. We are also slightly above average on %
of government revenue spent on health, but what does this mean and is it a good
thing? Looking at some of the areas where we are below average –such as
the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span># of doctors & nurses per
population & % of health costs paid by government – might give one reason
to re-consider our narrative that we Canadians are above average in public
health. This illustrates a need for critical data literacy. In other words, our beliefs might be getting in the way of understanding what is our existing data tells us.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Some approaches and suggestions for creating a meaningful introduction </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
reason for the introduction section is because</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> as </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Tygel</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> and colleagues found there is a
need to start with some explanation about what data is and how people use it.
There are many potential approaches to introducing the topic such as having
guest speakers come to explain how they make use of data and data visualization. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Suggested sample activity </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">One activity that would fit here is to have students create their own
demonstrations. In the case of tax data, students could do a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">google</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> search for tax data and limit to
images. This search will yield lots of material to work on. The idea is to have
students find out who created the visualization and what the story behind the
visualization is. If this is done for evaluation purposes, I recommend a
pass/fail approach because student success will depend a lot on which images
are selected. Being there to hear the findings of all the students is
sufficient for this learning exercise. A teacher in an area where computers are
not readily available could bring in copies of materials to work with. This
introductory phase may be more relevant for some student groups than others,
for example university students. If this doesn’t seem to fit, you could skip
this stage. </span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Investigation, Thematisation & Problematisation </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Two key points to keep in mind in these 3 phases: 1) the core focus should be lived experience not imparting abstract knowledge and 2) teaching involves helping people seek and find answers. This is important because in teaching data literacy one might be tempted by starting with the data, teaching people how to understand and work with data. Keynote speaker Gwen Phillips (and BC First Nations data activist) at the Data Power 2017 provided a brilliant example of why <i><b>not</b></i> to start with the data: the existing data might not be what is wanted at all. As Gwen said, we should measure what <i>do</i> want (e.g. youth vitality) not just what we <i>don't</i> want (e.g. teen suicide). This introduces a challenge to develop new metrics, but one that seems worthy of pursuit. If we start by teaching about existing data we risk missing the opportunity to identify gaps like this. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Disclosure: in understanding the following 3 phases, it may be helpful to know that although I teach at a university and am very engaged in pedagogy, I do not have an education degree and do not consider myself an expert on pedagogy. If you would like to know more about how to teach in the Freire tradition, I suggest starting with the Tygel references below and if desired supplementing with general educational books and articles covering the Freire tradition. My contributions below are limited to providing a very quick introduction and making the connection with critical data literacy.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Investigation</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
investigation phase is the first of 3 phases that follow the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Freire</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> tradition. The idea
is to begin with lived experience, with real-world problems. If this approach
is used for self-teaching</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> by community groups independently
or with an academic consultant as a participatory action research project, this
is closest to the classic </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Freire</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> scenario and the best example of a pure investigation
stage. To modify this for an education setting, students could either choose
problems or issues of direct interest to them, for example student debt, or
they might brainstorm a particular target group whose problems they are
familiar with such as First Nations, a salient issue here in Canada as many of
us struggle to implement the recommendations of our <a href="http://reconciliationcanada.ca/" target="_blank">Truth & Reconciliation commission</a>.
Classroom activities could include a brainstorm session, individual or small group
reflection, and/or presentation of the results of the investigation stage.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Thematisation</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thematisation</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> is the first analytic stage. Before searching for what data
is available, the idea is to focus on the real-world issue and figure out what
kind of data might help to understand or resolve the issue. Examples based on
today’s case studies on taxation and health spending could include learning
what sorts of taxes are collected and by which governments, or comparing public
collective health spending with individual spending. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span></div>
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Problematisation</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">thematisation</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> with some back-and-forth, comes </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">problematisation</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">. This is
where we get into research on what kinds of data actually exist that is
relevant to the problem, who collects the data and why. Some
examples of the types of data sources students might look into at this point if
they choose to focus on taxation and spending:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Canada Revenue Agency</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">OECD</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Federation and provincial budgets</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Research </span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">NGO / Think Tank research (e.g. Fraser Institute and Broadbent Institute) </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">One question that might be
raised is whether the existing data is actually sufficient or not, that is, the
scope of the inquiry is not focused just on understanding what data is
available. but rather what is needed to understand and resolve the problem of
interest. </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Systematization</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"></span> </div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Finally,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> in the systematization stage we put what we have together
to come up with an action plan. The nature of the action plan might vary quite
a bit depending on the students. An activist community group might want to
develop an action campaign or an </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">infographic</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> or other data story to facilitate an existing action
campaign. One approach to action could involve citizen data collection. In a
graduate class on information policy, like the classes that I teach at the University of Ottawa's <a href="http://arts.uottawa.ca/sis/" target="_blank">School of Information Studies</a>, developing a policy briefing and
recommendations for evaluation as academic work might make sense. </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">References</span></b><br />
<br />
Fraser Institute (n.d.). Tax freedom day calculator.
Retrieved June 9, 2017 from <u><a href="https://www.fraserinstitute.org/tax-freedom-day-calculator">https://www.fraserinstitute.org/tax-freedom-day-calculator</a></u><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Grey, J., Bounegru, L., & Chambers, L. (2012). Data
Journalism Handbook. OKFN. (as cited in Tygel & Kirsch 2016)<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kaulfuss, R. (2017). Health care: human right or expensive
entitlement? <i>Beyond economics</i>. Retrieved June 15, 2017 from <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u><a href="https://beyondeconomics.org/2017/03/15/health-care-human-right-or-expensive-entitlement/">https://beyondeconomics.org/2017/03/15/health-care-human-right-or-expensive-entitlement/</a></u><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
OECD (2017), Tax revenue (indicator). doi:
10.1787/d98b8cf5-en (Accessed on 15 June 2017)<br />
</div>
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Shillington, R. & Shaban, R. (2017). The brass tax:
busting myths about overtaxed Canadians. Ottawa: Broadbent Institute. Retrieved
June 9, 2017 from <u><a href="http://www.broadbentinstitute.ca/the_brass_tax">http://www.broadbentinstitute.ca/the_brass_tax</a></u><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tygel, A.; Campos, M.; De Alvear, C. (2015). Teaching open
data for social movements: a research strategy. <i>The Journal of Community
Informatics</i> 11:3. Retrieved June 19, 2017 from <a href="http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1220/1165">http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1220/1165</a><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tygel, A.; Kirsch, R. (2016). Contributions of Paulo Freire
for a critical data literacy: a popular education approach. <i>The</i> <i>Journal
of Community Informatics</i> 12:3 pp. 108 – 121. Retrieved June 19, 2017 from <a href="http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1296">http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1296</a>.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wikipedia (n.d.). <i>Healthcare in Canada</i>. Retrieved
June 15, 2017 from <u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada</a> </u><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
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<b>Terms: Please copy and share <i>with love</i>.</b></div>
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<br />
What does this mean? In brief, I have no interest in using intellectual
property law to prevent anyone from using or re-using my work with
intentions such as furthering the collective knowledge of humanity
(truth with justice and compassion), protecting or restoring the
environment or making the conditions of life of humanity better. That is
what I mean by <i>with love</i>. If your motives in using my work are
something other than love, such as making a profit for yourself or a
corporation that you work for, subverting truth, justice, or compassion,
then note that I reserve all rights under copyright. Please use
attribution as appropriate. For example, if you use my work in an
academic or journalist context, you need to acknowledge me as author in
order to avoid plagiarism (and confusion).<br />
<br />
This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/search/label/creative%20globalization" target="_blank">Creative Globalization series</a>. </div>
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Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-43124457950044899692017-03-28T17:20:00.002-07:002017-03-28T17:20:37.885-07:00Novel processes and metrics for a scientific evaluation: preliminary reflectionsReflections on Michaël Bon, Michael Taylor, Gary S. McDowell. “Novel processes and
metrics for a scientific evaluation rooted in the principles of science -
Version 1”. SJS (26 Jan. 2017)<br />
<<a href="http://www.sjscience.org/article?id=580">http://www.sjscience.org/article?id=580</a>>
<br />
<br />
Following are my initial reflections on what I would describe as a ground-breaking effort toward articulating a radically transformation of scholarly communication, a transformation that I regard as much needed and highly timely as the current system is optimized for the technology of the 17th century (printing press and postal system) and is far from taking full advantage of the potential of the internet.<br />
<br />
The basic idea described by the authors is to replace the existing practices of evaluation of scholarly work with a more collaborative and open system they call the Self-Journals of Science <self-journals of="" science="">. </self-journals><br />
<br />
<b>Comments</b><br />
<br />
The title <i>Self-journals of science</i>: I recommend coming up with a new name. The name is likely to give the impression of vanity publishing, even though this is not what the authors are suggesting, which appears to be more along the lines of a new form of collaborative organization of peer review. <br />
<br />
<b>Section 1 Introduction: the inherent shortcomings of an asymetric evaluation system </b>appears to attempt to describe how scientific communication works, its purpose, and critique, with citations, in just a few pages. This is sufficient to tell the reader where the authors are coming from, but too broad in scope to have much depth or accuracy. I am not sure that it makes sense to spend a lot of time further developing this section. For example, the second paragraph refers to scientific recognition as artificially turned into a resource of predetermined scarcity. I am pretty sure that further research could easily yield evidence to back up this statement - e.g. Garfield's idea of the "core journals" to eliminate the journals one needn't bother buying or reading, and the apparently de facto assumption that a good journal is one with a high rejection rate. On page 3, first paragraph, 4 citations are given for one statement. A quick glance at the reference list suggests that this may be stretching what the authors of the cited works have said. For example, at face value it seems unlike that reference 4 with a title of "Double-blind review favours increased representation of female authors" actually supports the author's assertion that "Since peer-trials necessarily involve a degree of confidentiality and secrecy..many errors, biases and conflicts of interest may arise without the possibility of correction". It seems that the authors of the cited article are making exactly the opposite argument, arguing that semi-open review results in bias. If I was doing a thorough review, I would look up at least a few of the cited works and if the arguments cited are not justified in the cited works I hand the work of reading the works cited and citing appropriately back to the authors.<br />
<br />
The arguments presented are provocative and appropriate for initiating an important scholarly discussion. Like any provocative work, the arguments may be relatively stronger for the task of initiating needed discussion but somewhat weak due to lack of counter-argument. For example, the point of Section 1.4 is that "scientific conservatism is placing a brake on the pace of change". Whether <i>anything</i> is placing a brake on the pace of change in 2017 is, I believe, arguable. However, the authors also do not address the benefits of scientific conservatism here, although the arguments made elsewhere e.g. "The validity of an article is established by a process of open and objective debate by the whole community" are arguments for scientific conservatism (or so I argue). The potential benefits of scientific conservatism are not addressed. For example, one needs to understand this tendency of science to fully appreciate the current consensus on climate change.<br />
<br />
<b>Section 2 defines scientific value as validity and importance</b><br />
<br />
There are some interesting ideas here, however the authors conflate methodological soundness with <i>validity</i>. A research study can reflect the very best practices in today's methodology and present logical conclusions based on existing knowledge while still being incorrect or invalid (lacking external validity) for such reasons as limitations on our collective knowledge. A logical argument based on a premise incorrectly perceived to to be true can lead to logical but incorrect conclusions.<br />
<br />
The authors state that "the validity of an article is established by a process of open and objective debate by the whole community". This is one instance of what I see as overstatement of both current and potential future practice. Only in a very small scholarly community would it be possible for every member of the community to read every article, never mind have an open and objective debate about each article. I think the authors have a valid point here, but direct this at the wrong level. This kind of debate occurs with the big picture paradigmatic issues such as climate change, not at the level of the individual article.<br />
<br />
Perceived importance of an article is given along with validity as the other measure for evaluation of an article. This argument needs work and critique. I agree with the author (and Kuhn) about the tendency towards scientific conservatism, and I think we should be aware of bias in any new system, especially one based on open review. People are likely to perceive articles as more important if they advance work that falls within an existing paradigm or a new one that is gaining traction than truly pioneering work. With open review, I expect that authors with existing high status are more likely to be perceived to be writing important work while new, unknown, female authors or those from minority groups are more likely to have their work perceived as unimportant.<br />
<br />
I do not wish to dismiss the idea of importance, rather I would like to suggest that this needs quite a bit of work to define appropriately. For example, if I understand correctly replication of previous experiments is perceived as a lesser contribution than original work. This is a disincentive to replication that seems likely to increase the likelihood of perpetuating error. Assuming this is correct, and we wish to change the situation, what is needed is something like a consensus that replication should be more highly valued, otherwise if we rely on perceived importance this work is likely to continue to be undervalued.<br />
<br />
<b>Section 2.2 Assessing validity by open peer review</b><br />
<br />
This section presents some very specific suggestions for a review system. One comment that I have is that this approach reflects a particular style. The idea of embedded reviews likely appeals more to some people than to others. Journals often provide reviewers with a variety of options depending on their preferred style; a written review like this, or go through the article and track changes. The + / - vote system for reviews strikes me as a tool very likely to reflect the personal popularity of reviewers and/or particular viewpoints rather than adding to the quality of reviews. There are advantages and disadvantages to authors being able to select the reviews that they feel are of most value to them. The disadvantage is that authors with a blind spot or conscious bias are free to ignore reviews that a really good editor would force them to address before a work could be published.<br />
<br />
<b>Section 3 Benefits of this evaluation system</b><br />
<br />
Here the authors argue that this evaluation system can be transformed into metrics for the purpose of evaluation (number of scholars engaged in peer review, fraction that consider the article is up to scientific standards) and for importance (the number of authors that have curated the article in their self-journal). Like the authors, I think we need to move away from publishing in high impact factor journals as a surrogate of quality. However, I argue against metrics-based evaluation, period. This is a topic that I will be writing about more over the coming months. For now, suffice it to say that quickly moving to new metrics-based evaluation systems appears to me likely to create worse problems than such a move is meant to solve. For example, if we assume that scientific conservatism is a thing and is a problem, isn't a system where people are evaluated based on the number of people who review one's work and find it up to standards likely to increase conservatism?<br />
<br />
<b>Some strengths of the article</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li> recognizing the need for change and hopefully kick-starting an important discussion </li>
<li>starting with the idea that we scholars can lead the transformation ourselves</li>
<li>focus on collaboration rather than competition</li>
</ul>
<b>To think about from my perspective</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>researcher time: realism is needed. An article that is reviewed by two or three people who are qualified to judge soundness of method, logic of arguments and clarity of writing should be enough. It isn't a good use of the time of researchers to have a whole lot of people looking at whether a particular statistical test was appropriate or not.</li>
<li> this is work for scholarly communities, not individuals. The conclusion speaks to the experience of arXiv. arXiv is a service shared by a large community and supported by a partnership of libraries that has staff and hosting support. </li>
<li>the <i>Self-Journals of Science</i> uses the CC-BY license as a default. Many OA advocates regard this license as the best option for OA, however I argue that this is a major strategic error for the OA movement. My arguments on the overlap between open licensing and open access are complex and can be found in my series <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2012/10/critique-of-cc-by-series.html" target="_blank">Creative Commons and Open Access Critique</a>. To me this is a central issue that the OA movement must deal with, and so I raise it here and continue to avoid participating in services that require me to use this license for my work.</li>
</ul>
<b>Key take-aways I hope people will get out of this review:</b><br />
<ul>
<li><b>forget metrics</b> - don't come up with a replacement for impact factor, let's get out of metrics-based evaluation altogether</li>
<li><b>look for good models, like arXiv </b>because communities are complicated. What works?</li>
<li><b>let's talk</b> - some of us may want immediate radical transformation of scholarly communication, but doing this well is going to take some time, to figure out the issues, come up with potential solutions, let people try stuff and see what works and what doesn't, and research too</li>
<li><b>be realistic about time and style</b> - researchers have limited time, and people have different preferred styles. New approaches need to take this into account.</li>
</ul>
For more on this topic, watch for my keynote at the <a href="http://rankings.pwias.ubc.ca/" target="_blank">What do rankings tell us about higher education? roundtable</a> at UBC this May. <br />
<br />
<ul>
</ul>
<ul></ul>
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<br />Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-66070870018508303912016-12-31T16:16:00.002-08:002016-12-31T16:20:25.402-08:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access December 31, 2016<a href="https://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl:10864/10660" target="_blank">Download data here</a><br />
<br />
<b> Highlights</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_8xCWCSZOI-_ohuFRxR8NspiTeiex4G86hpEylBLEFak8UQ_XlV1AFJw_949utgAOQjmzkLXtabGTXBO6Qfp0g80EevN0LHLkIocBWUJKGXSD6abJgn9ZXwuKBtamMO6MsKyMYA/s1600/base201612.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_8xCWCSZOI-_ohuFRxR8NspiTeiex4G86hpEylBLEFak8UQ_XlV1AFJw_949utgAOQjmzkLXtabGTXBO6Qfp0g80EevN0LHLkIocBWUJKGXSD6abJgn9ZXwuKBtamMO6MsKyMYA/s640/base201612.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Arguably the best indicator of the global collaborative growth of open access, whether through archives or publications, is the ongoing impressive growth of what we can access through the <a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</a>, which surpassed two major milestones in 2016: over 100 million documents (about 60% open access) and 5,000 content providers. The growth rates (22% for documents, 27% for content providers) are particularly impressive given the high pre-existing content rate. This is amazing success not just for BASE, but for all of us. If you've published a thesis through an institutional repository that allows for metadata harvesting, or published an article in a journal that contributes article-level data for metadata harvesting, your contribution is reflected here. This is a meta-level indicator of <i>our </i>global success. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3Wq57hxQ6pz7af9GFArd_OJEP23ccHvGtkni0fLgG-1_Gh-R5mBmmtHQqnSBjFrLI-PYumU1FS4W4n-D6P44DHH5-UOt8HfP81Lhmjo4RDK9OIAeI4LvumcokXc9lki_n2cfWQ/s1600/pmccancerfreefulltext.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3Wq57hxQ6pz7af9GFArd_OJEP23ccHvGtkni0fLgG-1_Gh-R5mBmmtHQqnSBjFrLI-PYumU1FS4W4n-D6P44DHH5-UOt8HfP81Lhmjo4RDK9OIAeI4LvumcokXc9lki_n2cfWQ/s400/pmccancerfreefulltext.jpg" width="400" /></a> I've added a new metric for medical open access, a keyword search of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/" target="_blank">PubMed</a> for "cancer" for articles with no date limit, last 5 years, last 2 years, and last year, further limited to free fulltext to determine the percentage of items for which fulltext is available. This ranges from 26% overall (no date limit), to 40 - 44% for items published in the last 2 - 5 years, to 32% for articles published in the last year.<br />
<br />
<br />
Also added this quarter: <a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/" target="_blank">OECD iLibrary</a> - with more than 11,000 free books, this one publisher's OA collection is nearly double the size of the 167 publishers included in the impressivley growing <a href="http://www.doabooks.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Books</a>! <a href="https://arxiv.org/" target="_blank">arXiv</a>, in addition to an over 10% growth rate last year, inspired the recent development of two similar services, <a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv" target="_blank">socArXiv</a> and <a href="http://biorxiv.org/" target="_blank">bioRxiv</a>, newly added to facilitate future growth tracking. The <a href="http://www.doaj.org/" target="_blank">DOAJ</a> get-tough inclusion policy and March 2016 major weeding means the DOAJ count for titles, countries and journals searchable at the article level are all down from last year, while articles searchable at the article level through DOAJ continued to show robust growth of 13%. DOAJ's quarterly growth is back to an impressive rate of just under 3 titles per day. <a href="http://repec.org/" target="_blank">RePEC</a> surpassed a milestone of 2 million downloadable items this year, while <a href="https://archive.org/" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a> surpassed 3 milestones: there are now more than 3 million video and audio recordings, and more than 11 million texts (the number of IA web pages archived is way down, by the billions - such a difference it strikes me as likely due to a glitch in counting, whether before or after). Recently <a href="https://pkp.sfu.ca/2016/12/15/ojs-reaches-10000/" target="_blank">Open Journal Systems announced that OJS is now used by more than 10,000 active journals </a>which <span style="font-weight: 400;"><<makes active="" any="" commercial="" including="" leading="" major="" more="" ojs="" online="" other="" platform="" provider="" publishers="" publishing="" than="" the="" titles="" with="">>.</makes></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;">Kudos and thanks to everyone in the open access movement - every researcher, author, editor, publisher, archive manager, librarian, policy-maker, and activist who is making open access happen. What of 2017? My advice: let's remember the <a href="http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">beautiful vision of the potential unprecedented public good of open access</a> - forged not at a time of peace and certainty, but rather within months of the trauma of 9/11 - repeated below - and keep on making it happen.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-weight: 400;">BOAI vision:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented
public good. The old tradition is the willingness of scientists and scholars
to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without
payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is
the internet. The public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic
distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely
free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers,
students, and other curious minds. Removing access barriers to this literature
will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the
rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature
as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in
a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge.</blockquote>
<br />
<b>Selected numbers</b> <b>and growth by service</b>: <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.doaj.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals </a><br />
<br />
Highlights: in March 2016 DOAJ removed more than 3,000 journals, reflecting a new get-tough inclusion policy. All journals that had not gone through DOAJ's new application process were removed. As a result, in spite of robust quarter since the removal process, most of DOAJ's key data are lower at the end of 2016 than at 2015, with the exception of number of articles searchable through DOAJ which grew by 13%. <br />
<ul>
<li>9,455 journals (down from 10,963 in 2015, a 14% decrease. Note that this quarter DOAJ added 246 journals for a current growth rate of close to 3 titles per day).</li>
<li>6,634 journals searchable at article level (down from 6,780 in 2015, a 2% decrease. Note that this quarter DOAJ increased the number of searchable journals by 217). </li>
<li>2,400,258 articles (up 13% from 2,123,402 at the end of 2015, very impressive given the journal weeding process) </li>
<li>128 countries (down from 136 at the end of 2016)</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://rzblx1.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/about.phtml?bibid=AAAAA&colors=7&lang=en" target="_blank">Electronic Journals Library</a><br />
<ul>
<li> 55,562 journals that can be read free-of-charge (up from 51,983 at the end of 2017, a 7% growth rate)</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/about/about;jsessionid=1okecl1l5hueh.x-oecd-live-02" target="_blank">OECD iLibrary</a> * (selected data points) (just added, no growth figures)<br />
<ul>
<li>11,050 e-book titles</li>
<li>5,130 multilingual summaries</li>
<li>5,200 working papers</li>
<li>5 billion data points across 42 databases</li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.doabooks.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Books</a><br />
<ul>
<li>5,602 books (up from 3,789 at the end of 2015, a 48% growth rate)</li>
<li>167 publishers (up from 134 at the end of 2014, 33 publishers added, a 25% growth rate)</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.opendoar.org/" target="_blank">OpenDOAR </a><br />
<br />
<b>3,000 repository milestone!!! </b><br />
<ul><b>
</b>
<li>3,285 repositories (up from 2,991 at the end of 2015, a 10% growth rate)</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://roar.eprints.org/#repositories" target="_blank">Registry of Open Access Repositories </a><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li> 4,365 repositories (up from 4,147 at the end of 2015, a 5% growth rate)</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine </a><br />
<br />
<b>100 million document milestone!!!</b><br />
<b>5,000 content providers milestone!!! </b><br />
<ul>
<li>103,090,961 documents (up from 84.25 million at the end of 2015, a 22% growth rate)</li>
<li>5,023 content sources (up from 3,965 at the end of 2015, a 27% growth rate)</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/" target="_blank">PubMedCentral</a><br />
<br />
<b>4 million article milestone!!! </b><br />
<ul>
<li> 4.1 million articles (up from 3.7 million at the end of 2015, an 11% growth rate)</li>
<li>2,326 journals actively participating in PubMedCentral (up from 2,021 at the end of 2015, a 10% growth rate)</li>
<li>1,720 journals with immediate free access (up from 1,553 at the end of 2015, an 11% growth rate)</li>
<li>1,426 journals with all articles open access (up from 1,331 at the end of 2015, a 7% growth rate)</li>
<li>569 journals with some articles open access (up from 423 at the end of 2015, a 35% growth rate) </li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
<a href="http://arxiv.org/" target="_blank">arXiv</a><br />
<ul>
<li>1,219,224 preprints (up from 1,105,906 at the end of 2015, a 10% growth rate)</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv" target="_blank">SocArXiv Preprints </a>(launched December 7, 2016, inspired by arXiv) **<br />
<ul>
<li>631 searchable preprints </li>
</ul>
<br />
<a href="http://biorxiv.org/" target="_blank">bioRxiv</a><br />
(in beta December 31, 2016, inspired by arXiv) ***<br />
<ul>
<li>7,500 articles (based on "all articles" search, 750 pages X 10 articles / page)</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://repec.org/" target="_blank">RePEC</a><br />
<br />
<b>2 million downloadable items milestone!!! </b><br />
<ul>
<li>2,021,534 downloadable items (up from 1,942,541 at the end of 2015, a 13% growth rate)</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://roarmap.eprints.org/" target="_blank">ROARMAP</a><br />
<ul>
<li>803 total open access mandate policies (up from 762 at the end of 2015, a 5% growth rate)</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://archive.org/" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a><br />
<br />
<b>3 million milestones for video and audiorecordings!!!</b><br />
<b>10 million milestone for texts (now 11 million)!!! </b><br />
<ul>
<li>11 million texts (up from 8.8 million at the end of 2015, a 26% growth rate</li>
</ul>
<b>Notes</b><br />
<br />
* OECD iLibrary statement on free-to-read (from About page):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
All book and journal content is available to all users to read online
by clicking the READ icon. Read editions are optimised for
browser-enabled mobile devices and can be read online wherever there is
an internet connection - desktop computer, tablets or smart phones. They
are also shareable and embeddable.<span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #4b4b4b; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial" , "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><br />
The site also features content for all users to access and download such as the <a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/factbook" title="OECD Factbook">OECD Factbook</a>, <a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/papers" title="OECD Working Papers - right-hand column">OECD Working Papers</a>, <a href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/statistics" title="Indicators - center column">Indicators</a>, and more.<br />
Subscribers benefit from full access to all content in all available formats. </blockquote>
** about SocArXiv (from the Dec. 7, 2016 <a href="https://socopen.org/2016/12/07/socarxiv-launches-brings-social-science-out-into-the-open/" target="_blank">launch announcement</a>):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
SocArXiv, the open access, open source archive of social science, is
officially launching in beta version today. Created in partnership with
the Center for Open Science, SocArXiv provides a free, noncommercial
service for rapid sharing of academic papers; it is built on the Open
Science Framework, a platform for researchers to upload data and code as
well as research results </blockquote>
*** about bioRxiv (from about page):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
bioRxiv (pronounced "bio-archive") is a free online archive and distribution service for <a href="http://biorxiv.org/content/what-unrefereed-preprint">unpublished preprints</a>
in the life sciences. It is operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a
not-for-profit research and educational institution. By posting
preprints on bioRxiv, authors are able to make their findings
immediately available to the scientific community and receive feedback
on draft manuscripts before they are submitted to journals. </blockquote>
This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access</a> series.<br />
<ul>
</ul>
Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-60485231424048418072016-10-06T18:47:00.003-07:002016-10-06T19:25:19.739-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access September 30, 2016<b>Highlights</b><br />
<br />
<b>There is plenty to celebrate for this year's <a href="http://www.openaccessweek.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Week </a>October 24 - 31 everywhere! </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCtOOjQFqqK55M7tyhVdsizK1oNX9hgw8YfpiNarApRmpU-awhbaA33N6kD7QCL5yKEqRoxbimAOrJRlLxvR33kRg44M6KRdi8xjHIk2UvJZScvQDmyBQ-LfpEEWlkkcleqn5u5w/s1600/repositoriesvsciencedirect.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCtOOjQFqqK55M7tyhVdsizK1oNX9hgw8YfpiNarApRmpU-awhbaA33N6kD7QCL5yKEqRoxbimAOrJRlLxvR33kRg44M6KRdi8xjHIk2UvJZScvQDmyBQ-LfpEEWlkkcleqn5u5w/s400/repositoriesvsciencedirect.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><br /></b>
<br />
As of Oct. 6, 2016, a <a href="https://www.base-search.net/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</a> (BASE) search includes <b>over 100 million documents</b>! Globally the collections of open access archives are now collectively an order of magnitude larger than the 10 million articles and books claimed by Elsevier for Science Direct. Congratulations to BASE and everyone in the repositories movement that is making this happen!<br />
<br />
In spite of a vigorous weeding process, new get-tough inclusion policy and negative growth in the past year in journal numbers, the <a href="https://doaj.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals</a> showed an amazing 11% growth in the past year in articles searchable at the article level - about half a million more articles today than a year ago. This past quarter DOAJ showed a healthy growth rate of 135 titles or added 1.5 titles per day.<br />
<br />
For every journal added by DOAJ in the past quarter, another repository was added to the vetted <a href="http://www.opendoar.org/" target="_blank">OpenDOAR</a> collection of repositories. <br />
<br />
The <a href="https://archive.org/index.php" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a> now has <b>more than 3 million audio recordings</b>.<br />
<br />
The <a href="http://www.doabooks.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Books </a>added over 2 thousand titles in the past year for a current total of over 5,000 titles (60% annual growth rate) from 161 publishers (41% annual growth rate in publishers).<br />
<br />
The number of journals actively contributing to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" target="_blank">PubMedCentral </a>continues to show strong growth in every measure: there are 212 more journal active participants in PMC today than a year ago, a 10% growth rate; 170 more journals provide immediate free access, an 11% growth rate; 113 more journals provide all articles as open access, a 9% growth rate; and the number of journals with some articles open access increased by 123, a 31% growth rate.<br />
<br />
Full data is available for download from <a href="https://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dataverse/dgoa" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access </a>series. <br />
<br />
<br />Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-46123085525950316602016-06-30T13:38:00.001-07:002016-06-30T13:38:06.317-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access June 30, 2016<b>Highlights this quarter</b> include a new indicator illustrating that 42% of the cancer literature indexed by PubMed is available as free full-text within 3 years of publication; ongoing strong growth in open access archives and their content; milestone of over 10 million free texts for Internet Archive; a mix of negative growth reflecting clean-up at DOAJ and growth in articles searchable at the article level; over 50% annual growth at the Directory of Open Access Books; and concern noted about the apparent ongoing growth of Elsevier and what this might mean for open access.<br />
<br />
<b>Details</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqdzxpie2AA3lcub3xIldR4keEz2HkElniRKzh9O5qr3VgqyUVglalCiMUimY7RWkRYdw86AnG_UI91-jOkzX6CQx3lDqdpkCp4ampz9jMmqugwviJJRnoI5LcTuLAXBqtjWQxWg/s1600/pmccancerfreefulltext20160630.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqdzxpie2AA3lcub3xIldR4keEz2HkElniRKzh9O5qr3VgqyUVglalCiMUimY7RWkRYdw86AnG_UI91-jOkzX6CQx3lDqdpkCp4ampz9jMmqugwviJJRnoI5LcTuLAXBqtjWQxWg/s400/pmccancerfreefulltext20160630.jpg" width="400" /></a>New indicator : a search of the PubMed index for "cancer" for all articles and with limits by date of publication demonstrates that <b>42% of the cancer literature indexed in PubMed published in the last 3 years is available as free fulltext</b>. 17% is available as free fulltext within 30 days of publication, 31% within one year of publication. With no date limits the overall percentage is 26% of the 3.3 million articles on cancer indexed by Pubmed.<br />
<br />
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<td colspan="3" height="13" width="225">Results of PubMed search for
"cancer" </td>
<td class="xl25" width="75"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr height="13">
<td colspan="4" height="13">with limits by date of publication and free fulltext</td>
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<td class="xl26" height="48" width="75"> </td>
<td class="xl26" width="75"># of articles</td>
<td class="xl26" width="75">free fulltext</td>
<td class="xl26" width="75">% free fulltext</td>
</tr>
<tr height="13">
<td class="xl26" height="13" width="75">30 days</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">19,050</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">3,206</td>
<td align="right" class="xl28" width="75">17%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="13">
<td class="xl26" height="13" width="75">60 days</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">32,562</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">6,540</td>
<td align="right" class="xl28" width="75">20%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="13">
<td class="xl26" height="13" width="75">90 days</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">46,057</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">10,382</td>
<td align="right" class="xl28" width="75">23%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="13">
<td class="xl26" height="13" width="75">180 days</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">85,913</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">23,421</td>
<td align="right" class="xl28" width="75">27%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="13">
<td class="xl26" height="13" width="75">last 1 year</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">162,335</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">50,499</td>
<td align="right" class="xl28" width="75">31%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="13">
<td class="xl26" height="13" width="75">last 2 years</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">323,252</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">126,867</td>
<td align="right" class="xl28" width="75">39%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="13">
<td class="xl29" height="13">last 3 years</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">475,973</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">198,505</td>
<td align="right" class="xl28" width="75">42%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl26" height="12" width="75">no date limit </td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">3,318,957</td>
<td align="right" class="xl27" width="75">861,168</td>
<td align="right" class="xl28" width="75">26%</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Kudos to <a href="https://archive.org/" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a> for exceeding 10 million free texts!<br />
<br />
Ongoing strong open access archives growth is illustrated by <a href="http://www.opendoar.org/" target="_blank">OpenDOAR</a> adding close to 200 repositories over the past year, a 7% growth rate and a total of over 3,000 repositories. The <a href="http://roar.eprints.org/" target="_blank">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a> added 269 repositories over the past year, also a 7% annual growth rate for a total of over 4,000 repositories. The <a href="https://www.base-search.net/about/en/" target="_blank">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine </a>is now searching over 93 million documents from over 4,000 repositories. With growth of over 18 million documents over the past year (24% annual growth rate), it won't be long before BASE passes the 100 million milestone. <a href="https://arxiv.org/" target="_blank">arXiv</a> grew by over 10% over the past year, adding over 100,000 documents for a total of 1.6 million.<br />
<br />
The <a href="http://www.doabooks.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Books </a>grew by over 50% in the past year for a total of close to 5,000 books from more than 150 publishers. <br />
<br />
In spite of overall negative growth reflecting a major "get-tough" clean-up project, the <a href="http://www.doaj.org/" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals</a>' number of articles searchable at the article level which grew by 16% over the past year, over 300,000 more articles for a total of over 2.1 million articles. On May 9, DOAJ removed over 3,000 journals that had not filled out the new application form. Since that date, DOAJ has added 234 titles for a <b>DOAJ growth rate of 4.5 journals per day. </b>Watch for continuing strong growth in the next few quarters as DOAJ has hired a team of international ambassadors. <br />
<br />
The ongoing dramatic growth of Elsevier <br />
<br />
The Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN) is still included in the downloadable data. I would like to note concern about its current and future open access status and commitment, particularly since it was recently bought by Elsevier, features the ad for "free <b>subscriptions </b><b>to more than 500 partner-sponsored abstracting e-journals</b> [emphasis added]", (copied below for purposes of academic critique - please contact SSRN for other uses), the SSRN website indicates partnerships with providers of pay-per-view, and the message from chairman Michael Jensen on the Elsevier sale indicates that part of what is behind this is Elsevier's desire to expand into social sciences.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7SbUOzArfKC7psY2LiL949GFcr9r1caNekiHdB8N8FfwTXTcQgWFowm7_RBAFL3SlNh9wsC5o2k6znoHiGHTRDVhgI9-n49pfKaYGI8dEhn1_YY9LlAyRVPksEZqcTI9Gxr4vgg/s1600/SSRNad20160630.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7SbUOzArfKC7psY2LiL949GFcr9r1caNekiHdB8N8FfwTXTcQgWFowm7_RBAFL3SlNh9wsC5o2k6znoHiGHTRDVhgI9-n49pfKaYGI8dEhn1_YY9LlAyRVPksEZqcTI9Gxr4vgg/s320/SSRNad20160630.png" width="320" /></a></div>
In addition to the SSRN buyout, as noted on my research blog Sustaining the Knowledge Commons, <a href="https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/2016/05/13/elsevier-now-the-worlds-largest-open-access-publisher/" target="_blank">Elsevier is now the world's largest open access publisher </a>as measured by number of fully open access journals.<br />
<br />
Open access may resolve the access problem, however OA per se does not address the increasing commercialization of scholarly journal publishing and increasing market concentration that has been happening since the end of the second world war. The growing presence of large traditional commercial scholarly publishers in open access is something to watch, in particular because ongoing open access is likely not compatible with maximal profit-making. <br />
<br />
As usual the full data is available for download from the DGOA Dataverse: <a href="http://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dvn/dv/dgoa" target="_blank">http://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dvn/dv/dgoa</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/search/label/dramatic%20growth%20of%20open%20access" target="_blank">Dramatic Growth of Open Access</a> series. Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-92028774345752447992016-06-23T17:03:00.000-07:002016-06-23T17:03:46.348-07:00Canada's draft new action plan on open government 2016 - 2018Following are my comments on Canada's draft new action plan on open government 2016 - 2018<br />
<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Canada’s Draft New Plan on Open Government 2016-2018</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://open.canada.ca/en/consultations/canadas-new-plan-open-government-2016-2018">http://open.canada.ca/en/consultations/canadas-new-plan-open-government-2016-2018</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="mailto:open-ouvert@tbs-sct.gc.ca">open-ouvert@tbs-sct.gc.ca</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Individual Comments by Dr. Heather Morrison</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kudos
are in order to Canada’s government for global leadership, commitment, and
swift moves by our new government to action, notably in the areas of commitment
to open access and open data to both academic and government information, commitment
to creation of a Chief Science Officer position, restoring the mandatory long
form census, forthcoming free and more timely access to Statistics Canada data,
and initiating electoral reform (to mention a few moves!). Following are my
comments as an expert in the area of information policy, notably open access,
intended to help strengthen a solid, ambitious but realistic draft plan. In the
spirit of openness and transparency, note that I am a professor at the
University of Ottawa’s bilingual School of Information Studies and I see career
opportunities for our graduates and research opportunities for me arising from
this plan and some of my suggestions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Summary of
key points</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reconsider centralization or the “one-stop” approach. Sometimes
this is a good idea (one stop search for grants and contributions, single point
of access to all geospatial data). However, centralization can also be a
bottleneck and even a muzzling device. Decentralization with website and open
data development in the hands of departmental experts who understand the
information they are working with and how people will want to use it is
probably in many instances the most effective means of providing open
government information and data. I want my weather information directly from
Environment Canada and my tax data directly from Canada Revenue Agency, not
indirectly from a central service where staff are not likely to be experts in
these areas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Consider expanding information services to include reference
service (professional service by intermediaries with understanding of
information seeking behavior as well as government information), both through
government and indirectly through libraries of all types (through advocacy for
this role with key partners). This has the potential to provide better service
and sometimes reduce cost. For example, in the area of Access to Information, overly
broad requests may reflect lack of knowledge of the specific documents or data
most likely to address a need. Direct communication with requestors may be the
best means to hone requests. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Beware what I characterize as a blind spot of completely
unrestricted re-use which could lead to intended consequences (for example effectiveprivatization
of currently free public services). Impose reasonable expectations of behaviour
by re-users that is in the public interest, and encourage development along
these lines at the global level. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Remember the vulnerable. Sometimes the best approach to open
government is in-person offices. Open data and data visualization are a boon
for those of who can see but a challenge for the visually disabled. Proactively
address this challenge rather than waiting for complaints. Consider and consult
First Nations peoples before releasing data about resources on their lands or lands
that they depend on that could be exploited to their detriment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Build in protection against the inevitable temptations of power
and the understandable human tendency to want to look good. Access to
Information – an effective means to demand information that the government does
not choose to make open – will always be needed for really open government. I also
recommend an arms-length approach to developing data visualization services,
because it is easy to develop services that help people to see what we want
them to see; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">our</i> truth rather than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i> truth. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Considerable research is needed on how to go about meaningfully
engaging a whole population in open dialogue and policy-making. This particular
potential of open government will take an extended period of time for full
development. This should be factored into assessment of progress.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Immediately apply principles and best practices of open dialogue
and policy-making in trade treaty negotiations, beginning with the Trans
Pacific Partnership. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Expand on corporate accountability through a review of legislation
on corporations and consultations with the private sector, academics and other
stakeholders to understand barriers to triple bottom line accounting (finance,
people and environment) and propose solutions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Detailed
comments</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Detailed
comments are presented below in two sections, Overarching comments and specific
comments on the draft plan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Overarching
comments</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To
centralize or not to centralize?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
draft plan refers in several places to centralization (single portal, one-stop etc.).
I recommend re-thinking of the benefits of centralization versus
decentralization. Sometimes, centralization can result in streamlining of
access for the citizen; commitment 11, one-stop access to data on grants and
contributions is a good example of this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, centralization can also be a bottleneck or even a muzzling
device. Weather information is both interesting and important to the public. To
have the best information on whether a potentially dangerous storm is headed in
my direction, I look to the experts at Environment Canada to post what they
know as soon as they possibly can. Sending information to a central service
would simply create delays and likely impede good decision-making by Canadians.
Governments create different departments for good reasons. The type of
information provided and how it is best structured to be understood by the
public will vary with the type of information. When it’s time to reconcile my
taxes I want a website that is under the control of the best experts in
taxation and web development for this type of information. I note below
particular sections of the plan where I see centralization as beneficial or
problematic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What’s
missing? </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reference and
information literacy services </span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">are needed (directly through government and
indirectly through libraries) and would reduce in some cases reduce the
workload.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As
a professor in the area of information studies, former practicing professional
librarian and researcher in the areas of open access, open government, and
access to information, I have had many discussions with students, experts, and
government staffers who provide services such as responding to ATI requests about
the challenges and opportunities. In my professional opinion, the Government of
Canada could provide better service, sometimes at lower cost through a kind of
service akin to the tradition of library reference services. For example, one
of the reasons ATI requests can seem to be “frivolous and vexatious” appears to
be that people request very large amounts of information because they do not
have sufficient understanding of government operations to know what to ask for.
Having a professional serving in an intermediary role who understands both
information seeking behaviour and the kind of information that is held by government
would likely be more efficient in many cases. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Helping
people find the information they need (reference services) and providing
education on how to understand the need for information, find, evaluate and
effectively use it (information literacy), is a traditional role of public,
school, corporate and academic libraries. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recommendation:
work with Library and Archives Canada and open government representatives at
all levels (municipal, provincial, global) to advocate for an emerging role for
libraries of all types in the areas of open government and incorporate
professional information services within government departments.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Openness and
transparency in trade treaty negotiations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Moving
towards openness and transparency in government while at the same time failing
to engage with citizens on trade agreements that will impact our jobs,
communities, and businesses, is moving in opposite directions at the same time.
Recommendation: extend open dialogue to trade treaty negotiations, beginning
with the Trans Pacific Partnership. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Open
government and access to government services for people with disabilities</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Open
data and the potential for data visualization offer tremendous potential for
the advancement of Canadian society and should be embraced. However, the
formats also create new challenges for people with disabilities such as print
disabilities. Recommendation: address these challenges proactively through
working with groups representing disabled communities and show global
leadership in advocating for technological solutions to facilitate equitable open
government. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Consider
restrictions on access to data to avoid harm to vulnerable groups </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
plan appropriately recognizes the need to consider the protection of personal
privacy in the release of open data. I recommend that potential harm to
vulnerable groups be another consideration in deciding whether data should be
released. For example, data about valuable exploitable resources on lands our
First Nations peoples own or depend on should not be released without
consultation with the peoples who would be affected. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Specific
comments on the draft plan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Introduction
– Towards an Open and Transparent Government</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re
third bullet: “a review of the Access to Information Act, and efforts to
accelerate and expand initiatives to help Canadians easily access and use open
data, by the President of the Treasury Board working with the ministers of
Justice and Democratic Institutions”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggestion:
split into 2 bullet points to avoid confusion because Access to Information and
open data initiatives are two very different types of activities. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
Open Government Partnership</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re:
the fifth grand challenge, “Increasing corporate accountability”: measures that
address corporate responsibility on issues such as the environment,
anti-corruption, consumer protection, and community engagement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment:
addressing this challenge would be a golden opportunity to begin to address the
limitations of the corporate sector’s single bottom line focus on profit,
financially defined. This draft plan is weak in this sector and I would like to
see expansion of commitments in this area. Some suggestions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Review legislation on corporations and other businesses to
recognize triple bottom line accounting (financial, social, environment)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Develop a consultation process with citizens, civil society
organizations, academics and business to uncover challenges to corporate
accountability and draft solutions</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">IV.
A. Open by Default</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re:
Third paragraph, “Being “open by default” also means allowing Canadians to more
easily access government services <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">through
a single online window</b> [emphasis added]”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recommendation:
change this sentence to “Being “open by default” also means allowing Canadians
to more easily access government services <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">through
effective access mechanisms designed to facilitate accountability on service
delivery </b>[emphasis added]”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comments:
see “to centralize or not to centralize” above. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment
1: Enhance Access to Information</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It
is good to see a commitment to updating the Access to Information Act. Open
government will never replace the need for a mechanism for citizens to
effectively demand access to information. Government by definition holds power,
and power inevitably will attract those who wish to pursue personal gain
through corruption. Also, mistakes and poor decisions or even good decisions
that did not produce the expected results cannot always be avoided. There will
always be a temptation for government staff as well as elected representatives
to open or close, highlight or suppress information based on whether it makes
the government look good. If you don’t want to release a piece of information
it’s all too easy to perceive a request for the information as “frivolous and
vexatious”. An important strength of the action plan is “giving the Information
Commissioner the power to order the release of government information”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re
first bullet: “Making government data and information open by default, in
formats that are modern and easy to use;”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggestion:
add a second and third bullet to address the ongoing need for ATI and to
streamline the process through the provision of reference services:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Providing easy-to-use, cost-free mechanisms for requesting any
information that is not open by default; </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Develop professional intermediary services to help requestors
identify with precision the information required</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment:
re the second suggested bullet, see the section “reference and information
services” above. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment
2: Streamline Requests for Personal Information</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re:
How it will be done – line 2: “a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">simple,
central website</b> [emphasis added] where Canadians can submit requests to any
government institution”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggest
change to: “a simple, central website where Canadians can submit requests to
any government institution <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to supplement
requesting services that are most efficiently handled by the collecting
department</b>”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment:
see the section “to centralize or not to centralize?” above</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment
3: Expand and Improve Open Data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re:
5<sup>th</sup> milestone: “Improve Canadians’ access to data and information
proactively disclosed by departments and agencies through a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">single, common online search tool</b>
[emphasis added]”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggest
change to “Improve Canadians’ access to data and information proactively
disclosed by departments and agencies <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">through
departmental websites as well as</b> a single, common online search tool”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment:
see the section on “to centralize or not to centralize” above. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment
4: Provide and Preserve Open Information</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re:
Milestone 4: “Update Library and Archives Canada’s online archive of the
Government of Canada’s web presence to ensure Canadians’ long-term access to
federal web content”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recommendation
– add a Milestone: consult with academic experts and Library and Archives
Canada to develop a plan, recommendation and funding analysis to capture
Canadian content on the web. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment:
I applaud the addition of this milestone, but would note that we need to
capture Canadian content on the web in general, not just federal web content.
Currently, some of this content is voluntarily captured by Internet Archive,
however I think Canadians have a duty to take this on ourselves, for profound
social, legal and cultural reasons. Material that until recently was produced
in print and often archived and preserved by libraries and archives is
increasingly available only online and risks being lost, sometimes after only a
short period of time. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment
7: Embed Transparency Requirements in the Federal Service Strategy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re
first Milestone “Development a Government and Canada Clients-First Service
Strategy that aims to create a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">single
online window</b> [emphasis added] for all government services”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggest
change to: Development a Government and Canada Clients-First Service Strategy
that aims to create a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">efficient and
effective online access</b> [emphasis added] for all government services <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">through a departmental or centralized
online window, whichever is most effective for citizens</b>”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comments:
see to centralize or not to centralize above.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment
8: Enhance Access to Culture & Heritage Collections</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re:
“The Government of Canada will expand collaboration with its provincial,
territorial, and municipal partners and key stakeholders to develop a
searchable National Inventory of Cultural and Heritage Artefacts to improve
access across museum collections”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment
/ question: how does this relate to Library and Archives Canada’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Building a Canadian National Heritage
Digitization Strategy</i>? <a href="http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/Pages/national-heritage-digitization-strategy.aspx">http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/Pages/national-heritage-digitization-strategy.aspx</a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B.
Fiscal Transparency</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re:
second paragraph, “…<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the government will
provide Canadians</b> [emphasis added] with the tools they need to visualize
spending data and compare fiscal information across departments, between
locations, and over time”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggested
change to “…<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the government will develop
an arms-length service to provide Canadians</b> with the tools they need to
visualize spending data and compare fiscal information across departments,
between locations, and over time <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">and
encourage all members of the open government partnership to do likewise</b>”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment: it is fairly easy for an interested party to set up
visualization tools to “help” people see things like financial data from a
particular perspective. This can be deliberate or reflect unconscious biases. For
example, to help people understand tax data, one can choose from a number of
different potential comparison points. The tax freedom date approach showing
how long it takes an average Canadian to work to pay taxes before they get to
keep money is a good choice for people ideologically opposed to taxation and
seeking tax breaks. In contrast, those of us who think public health care is
the right way to go both for social and financial reasons tend to see data
demonstrating the lower per-capita health spending in Canada as compared to
countries with private health care as an obvious and important way of
demonstrating the truth. A government that has succeeded in lowering corporate
taxes by two-thirds and does not want public critique creeping into public
budget discussions might be tempted to present budget data showing how little
is gained by a small to medium increase in the existing corporate tax rate and
avoid historical comparisons. A government determined to reserve the corporate
tax rate cuts would likely emphasize historical comparisons. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment 10: Increase Transparency of Budget Data and
Economic and Fiscal Analysis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re: “The Government of Canada will provide access to the
datasets used in the Federal Budget each year <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in near real time</b> [emphasis added]”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggested change (addition) to: “The Government of Canada
will provide access to the datasets used in the Federal Budget each year <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in near real time</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">starting with Budget 2017 and will explore the feasibility of providing
as many of these datasets as possible in advance of the release of the budget</b>.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment: near real time datasets to help Canadians understand
the budget would be a major leap forward, however in the long term for
Canadians to have meaningful input into the budget process and parliamentarians
to have full information for decision-making purposes, we have to have access
to the datasets <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">before</i> the Budget is
developed. One thought is that after Budget 2017 the datasets identified for
release could be prioritized for timely open data release after that point in
time.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment 11: Increase Transparency of Grants and Contributions
Funding</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re: “one stop access”: in this instance centralized access
makes a lot of sense!</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C. Innovation, Prosperity, and Sustainable Development</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re: “Making government data and information <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">openly available to Canadians</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">without restrictions on reuse</b> [emphasis
added]”…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suggested change to: “Making government data and information <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">openly available with minimal restrictions
on reuse</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">and the expectation</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">of reuse in the spirit of the public good</b>…”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comments: although the spirit of “no restrictions” is one that
I agree with, a major positive change, and internationally embraced by open
government advocates as consensus, this is an area where in my professional
opinion <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">too</i> open an approach invites
problems as well as benefits for the social good. For example, as contributors
to the Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN) recently discovered, their free
sharing of their work in what they thought of as an open access archive enabled
not only open access but also the sale of SSRN to the world’s largest commercial
scholarly publisher, Elsevier, a corporation that benefits from a profit rate
of about $1 billion US a year (39%) profit based primarily on toll access and that
has incentive to create new locked-down services. I believe this is an early
indication of a potential danger of open data that is too open. For example, in
the case of government data, too open an approach to data release could result
in effective privatization of public services. “Without restrictions on reuse”
is so broad that it can include charging for services, paying Internet service
providers to have for-pay services prioritized over free public services, making
the latter less useful, and using profits to lobby against funding for free
public services that profitable commercial re-users are likely to see as
competition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Open data should be open to anyone, not just Canadians. In
order to have the full benefit of open access to government data we need to be
able to use data from any jurisdiction and compare data across jurisdictions.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C. Innovation, Prosperity, and Sustainable Development</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re – second paragraph: “the Government of Canada will be
building strategic partnerships with other governments at the provincial,
territorial, and municipal level, to support the development of common
standards and principles for open data”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment: good idea, but add the global level; this will be
necessary to create innovations that work across jurisdiction and allow
cross-jurisdictional comparison.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment 14: Increase Openness of Federal Science
Activities (Open Science)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comments: kudos, this is great to see!!! Note that the
granting councils already have policies on open access to research outputs and
digital data management strategies. With respect to open access to documents,
it might be worth looking at the tri-agency policy. With respect to digital
data management strategies, there are important differences between government
data, collected by the government for purposes of public policy, typically
collected by government staff in the course of their employment and originally
owned and controlled by the government, and academic research data which
frequently involves third parties such as research subjects and third party
organizations (e.g. police data is important to criminologists, business data
to business researchers). Here I see many more issues arising from opening of
data and I recommend separate treatment of academic research and government
data. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment 15: Stimulate Innovation through Canada’s Open
Data Exchange (ODX)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This is a great initiative, but this is where building in the
concept of free reuse in the context of commitment to the public good (see C
above) is important to avoid the potential privatization of free public
services.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment
20: Enable Open Dialogue and Open Policy Making</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re:
Milestone 1 “Promote common principles for Open Dialogue and common practices
across the Government of Canada to enable the use of new methods for consulting
and engaging Canadians”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comments:
I think that this is a great idea, but the potential of Web 2.0 to facilitate
open dialogue and open policy making is in its infancy. Consider that we are
still working towards universal basic literacy centuries after the invention of
the printing press. I think that considerable research into how to use the web for
open dialogue and policy making is needed, and how to engage citizens who may
not have access to the web or are otherwise unlikely to use this means of
participation. Perhaps this could be one of the upcoming challenge areas for
the granting councils? (Disclosure: if this happens I might apply for such a
grant).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Commitment 22: Engage Canadians to Improve Key Canada Revenue
Agency Services</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Re: 3<sup>rd</sup> milestone: “Engage with indigenous
Canadians to better understand the issues, root causes, and data gaps that may
be preventing eligible individuals from accessing benefits.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recommendation: add a strong, specific commitment to increase
the number of indigenous Canadians receiving benefits or perhaps a specific
type of benefit to which they are entitled. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In conclusion, please consider these detailed comments as
input intended to improve a solid plan ambitious plan by a new government that
already deserves kudos for swift action in a number of important areas. Thank
you for the opportunity to provide these comments, and to be actively engaged
in the preceding in-person and online consultation processes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Respectfully submitted,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dr.
Heather Morrison</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Assistant
Professor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">École
des sciences de l'information / School of Information Studies</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">University
of Ottawa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.sis.uottawa.ca/faculty/hmorrison.html">http://www.sis.uottawa.ca/faculty/hmorrison.html</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
Imaginary Journal of Poetic Economics</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sustaining
the Knowledge Commons http://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Heather dot Morrison at uottawa.ca</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">June 23, 2016</span></div>
Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-61609134564614568932016-04-11T17:12:00.002-07:002016-04-12T11:39:46.191-07:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access March 31, 2016<b>Highlights</b><br />
<br />
Update April 12: congratulations to <a href="https://www.base-search.net/">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</a> (BASE) - and all of the contributing repositories - now over 90 million documents. <b> </b>On the Global Open Access List, BASE's Dirk Pieper <a href="http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pipermail/goal/2016-April/003958.html">estimates that 60% of the content is open access</a>. <br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiagqWrXJEu9GG4rf8Svrm0K5IP2BHeZNbxSzkiwy3QJExeiKSYY7d8kjeSTCYUwTcbn2tUw4C5vhfoVO5Xhzp7kR52vHnEmC2m2u9ZDEoNGtMvWsRukQmk83HUugtz_1nj77bLWw/s1600/DOABpub201216.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiagqWrXJEu9GG4rf8Svrm0K5IP2BHeZNbxSzkiwy3QJExeiKSYY7d8kjeSTCYUwTcbn2tUw4C5vhfoVO5Xhzp7kR52vHnEmC2m2u9ZDEoNGtMvWsRukQmk83HUugtz_1nj77bLWw/s320/DOABpub201216.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz632MvflLT6L-aLpFYfvNpzMFNZh-2i0xB2zse_JkF4dZZG4zk3Z5hKbacUw2NLoBjm8Dx5nul6MkzzKqN1DY1qFfu4XTi8Ga-0QGky092p-sXL_tIpa8KfN8eb9hbwrFF5EY7Q/s1600/DOAB201216.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz632MvflLT6L-aLpFYfvNpzMFNZh-2i0xB2zse_JkF4dZZG4zk3Z5hKbacUw2NLoBjm8Dx5nul6MkzzKqN1DY1qFfu4XTi8Ga-0QGky092p-sXL_tIpa8KfN8eb9hbwrFF5EY7Q/s320/DOAB201216.jpg" width="320" /></a>There are now <b>150 publishers of peer-reviewed open access books</b> listed in the <a href="http://www.doabooks.org/">Directory of Open Access Books</a>, publishing more than 4,400 open access books. 620 books were published in this quarter alone, a 16% increase in just this quarter. The <a href="http://www.doaj.org/">Directory of Open Access Journals</a> has been adding titles at a net rate of 6 titles per day, 540 journals added this quarter for a total of over 11,000 journals. This is the <b>highest DOAJ growth rate since this series started</b>!<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.base-search.net/about/en/">Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</a> repositories collectively added more than 4.7 million documents this quarter for a total of just under 89 million documents.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://scoap3.org/">SCOAP3 </a>nearly doubled in size this past year (87% annual growth) for a total of 4,690 documents. <a href="https://arxiv.org/">arXiv </a>grew by over 107,000 documents to over 1.1 million documents during the same time frame.<br />
<br />
I<a href="https://archive.org/">nternet Archiv</a>e is likely to be featured in the next issue as it is currently edging towards a milestone of 10 million free texts.<br />
<br />
The number of journals actively participating in <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">PubMedCentral</a>, making all content immediately freely accessible, and making all content open access, continues to grow. Meanwhile at <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed">PubMed</a> a transition in indexing practice (from manual to automatic) means that a search for NIH-funded articles in the last 90 days significantly underreports results (1,402 NIH funded articles in the past 90 days compared with a range of 7,846 - 19,790 with a 90-day search limit for NIH funded article since 2008). Without the indexing, it is not possible to determine the percentage of full text. Here's hoping the automated indexing process results in a catch-up soon; it doesn't matter very much if the statistics for this series fall a bit behind, but people rely on this indexing to search for medical information.<br />
<br />
The <a href="http://rzblx1.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/index.phtml?bibid=AAAAA&colors=7&lang=en">Electronic Journals Library</a> added 3,612 journals that can be read free-of-charge in the past year, for a total of 52,000 journals, a 7% growth rate. <br />
<br />
This post is part of the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html">Dramatic Growth of Open Access series</a>. Open data can be downloaded from the <a href="http://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dvn/dv/dgoa">Dramatic Growth of Open Access dataverse</a>. <br />
<br />Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-32747212872861734202016-02-09T15:58:00.001-08:002016-02-09T15:58:23.438-08:00Editorial: open access, copyright and licensing: basics for open access publishers. Just published (February 2016) in the open access Journal of Orthopaedic
Case Reports at the invitation of Editor-In-Chief Dr. Ashok Shyam: <a href="http://www.jocr.co.in/wp/2016/01/02/2250-0685-360-fulltext/" target="_blank">Editorial: open access, copyright and licensing: basics for open access publishers</a>. <em><a href="http://www.jocr.co.in/wp/">Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports</a> </em>6:1 p. 1-2. DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.360<br />
<br />
This post is part of the Open Access and Creative Commons critique series. Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14963990.post-73292280754114927512015-12-31T13:30:00.000-08:002015-12-31T13:31:34.312-08:00Dramatic Growth of Open Access December 2015<b>Highlights</b><br />
<br />
After a year or so of slower growth at DOAJ to accommodate back-end technical work and a new get-tough policy on journal inclusion, <b>robust DOAJ growth is back on track</b>. In the last quarter of 2015, DOAJ added a total of 384 titles or <b>more than 4 titles per day </b>for a year-end total of 10,963 journals. The number of articles searchable at the article level grew by over 300,000 in 2015 for a year-end total of over 2.1 million. The <b>Bielefeld Academic Search Engine</b> figures demonstrate the overall growth of (mostly) open access repositories, adding <b>more than 15 million documents in 2015 for a total of more than 84 million </b>and adding 671 content providers for a total of just under 4 thousand content providers. Both document growth and content provider growth at BASE reflects greater than 20% growth for 2015, a particularly impressive number given that percentage growth tends to favour newer, smaller initiatives such as the <b>SCOAP3 repository which had the highest growth by percentage in 2015</b>, more than doubling to over 8,000 articles in 2015. Although not all the documents available via a BASE search are open access, the <b>more than 3.7 million items now available for free from PubMedCentral alone</b> is just one indication of robust growth in open access repositories. The <b>Internet Archive now has more than 8.8 million texts</b>. Perhaps even more impressive is that over 8 million of the texts made available by the Internet Archive and Open Library are fully accessible and in the public domain! Following are a few charts to illustrate the ongoing amazing growth of open access. To sum up, only one resolution is recommended for all the people behind the thousands of open access journals, repositories and other services for 2016: <b>keep up the good work</b>!<br />
<br />
Open data is available through the <a href="http://dataverse.scholarsportal.info/dvn/dv/dgoa">Dramatic Growth of Open Access dataverse</a>. For previous posts see the <a href="http://poeticeconomics.blogspot.ca/2006/08/dramatic-growth-of-open-access-series.html">Dramatic Growth of Open Access series</a>. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNvCyKytBd5jAnNjZgaa4Pe4IkvtzzLscJBMFAOo7MilNlqzf0mW3tRtEMr8e7-4T5sdy5J-NoOH5DrGe0einwYZbFmSIBgw0vX-yitq0QMBZ45uLmRP5ugpuF9AOnB_e6dJSJsw/s1600/BASEcontentproviders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNvCyKytBd5jAnNjZgaa4Pe4IkvtzzLscJBMFAOo7MilNlqzf0mW3tRtEMr8e7-4T5sdy5J-NoOH5DrGe0einwYZbFmSIBgw0vX-yitq0QMBZ45uLmRP5ugpuF9AOnB_e6dJSJsw/s320/BASEcontentproviders.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBLUFM_RI8o_Xtj96qvYUW5H-cjZNula3x47FBO3x5h6oMrw1NwtTEzQ4kWvEvYyeRU7G3Ssd756-LfMjb1cs8nrixoIHEfh8WJRgMh901YnmlZ7TtDgeshV2-n3LriminWK77Jg/s1600/basedocuments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBLUFM_RI8o_Xtj96qvYUW5H-cjZNula3x47FBO3x5h6oMrw1NwtTEzQ4kWvEvYyeRU7G3Ssd756-LfMjb1cs8nrixoIHEfh8WJRgMh901YnmlZ7TtDgeshV2-n3LriminWK77Jg/s320/basedocuments.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Top 10 by percentage growth
</b>
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<br />
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<col style="mso-width-alt: 2858; mso-width-source: userset;" width="67"></col>
<col style="mso-width-alt: 3541; mso-width-source: userset;" width="83"></col>
<col style="mso-width-alt: 2944; mso-width-source: userset;" width="69"></col>
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<td class="xl66" width="67">2014</td>
<td class="xl66" width="83">2015</td>
<td class="xl69" width="69">Annual growth (numeric)</td>
<td class="xl69" width="59">Annual growth (percentage)</td>
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<td class="xl65" height="57">SCOAP3 articles</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">4,329</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">8,934</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">4,605</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">106%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="23" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl67" height="23" width="188">DOAB publishers</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">79</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">134</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">55</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">70%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl67" height="12" width="188">DOAB books</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">2,482</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">3,789</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">1,307</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">53%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl65" height="12">Highwire Completely Free Sites</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">113</td>
<td align="right" class="xl73">160</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">47</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">42%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl68" height="12">PMC journals some articles OA</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">338</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">423</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">85</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">25%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl65" height="12">BASE documents</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">68,575,068</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">84,250,153</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">15,675,085</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">23%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl65" height="12">Internet Archive Audio Recordings</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">2,224,696</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">2,712,703</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">488,007</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">22%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="12" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl68" height="12">PMC journals selected articles OA</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">2,897</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">3,499</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">602</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">21%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl65" height="18">BASE content providers</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">3,294</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">3,965</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">671</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">20%</td>
</tr>
<tr height="18" style="mso-height-source: userset;">
<td class="xl65" height="18">Internet Archive Texts</td>
<td align="right" class="xl68">7,320,065</td>
<td align="right" class="xl70">8,756,735</td>
<td align="right" class="xl71">1,436,670</td>
<td align="right" class="xl72">20%</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Heather Morrisonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726928948544472886noreply@blogger.com0